Disease occurrence and control measures during kelp breeding
Kelp gametocyte death syndrome
The disease is a kind of disease that often occurs in the cultivation of kelp summer seedlings, and its degree of harm far exceeds other diseases, especially in the current situation of relatively short nursery cycle, relatively late picking time, it is easier to bring the seedling production Catastrophic hazards.
Symptoms of the disease The symptoms and pathogenesis of the disease are not the same at all stages of growth and development of seaweed seedlings. In the early gametophyte stage, the early onset symptoms of male and female gametophytes are growth retardation, slightly thick cell walls, grayish hues, unclear boundaries of pigment bodies, grayish yellow, and protoplast contraction, plasmolysis, and severe protoplast contraction to the center of cells. Several transparent or black balls eventually decomposed leaving the cell walls empty and dead. Gametophyte usually begins on the fourth day after seedling attachment. The disease develops rapidly. Most gametophytes die within one day to three days. They attach to the remaining gametophyte bodies, change the color red brick to brownish red, and gradually separate and die.
Spalling and ovulation occur at the stage of plasmolysis, and the onset of contraction of the diseased gametophyte narrows, resulting in the inability of the whole egg to be eliminated. Even if individual eggs are excreted, zygote cannot be normally formed and the zygote can not be converted into young sporozoites.
Etiological analysis and preventive etiology: (1) The kelp breeding system is a small ecological system. Strict disinfection must be performed in the early stages of nursery preparation to prevent the proliferation of facultative epiphytes and sulfate-reducing bacteria in the kelp breeding system. Chlorine 60mg/L bleach solution was sterilized and soaked for 12 hours. (2) Insufficient maturation or overgrowth of species of kelp causes congenitally insufficiency of gametophyte. It is recommended that seedlings be collected before the surface water temperature reaches 23°C in the sea area of ​​cultivated kelp, and close observation of the development of the sporangium of the species in the seaweed within 15 days to 20 days before the planned harvesting. Situation; southern nursery room need to strengthen the cultivation and management of seaweed cultivation, timely and reasonable seedlings. (3) The treatment effect of the seedling attachment base is poor, especially the northern seaweed nursery, because of complicated processing procedures, troublesome production, high labor costs, etc., which reduces a lot of processing links. It is recommended that qualified seedling manufacturers use vinylon ropes. As an adhesion matrix.
Kelp sporozoite disintegration disease
The characteristics of the disease in the past 5 years, the disease showed early onset, a wide range of occurrence, the incidence of large areas of the trend. The disease mainly occurs in the 1st to 2nd column cell stages. The seedlings grow slowly in the early stage of the disease, and the sporulation somatic cells are abnormally divided. The cell shape suddenly appears explosive splitting. The cytoplasm flows out from different parts and at different angles, and the pigment becomes pale and changes. Green until the cells die.
Etiological analysis and prevention (1) The treatment of seedling attachment bases is poor, the attachment base is not smooth, and it becomes a biological bed, which provides space for the propagation of microorganisms; it is necessary to strengthen the wash of the seedling curtains, especially the scrubbing of the opposite side of the seedling curtains, in order to reduce the incidence. (2) Strengthen the selection and cultivation of seaweeds for selection and washing. Strict production requirements, scrubbing three times, especially in the presence of diseased parts, must be removed. When selecting seaweed, the fixing device cannot be taken too large to prevent it from being introduced. A large number of epiphytes. During the microbial detection of the nursery system, a large amount of alginic acid-degrading bacteria was found during the peak period of disease, and the number of pathogenic bacteria could reach 109. (3) Strengthen the work of clearing the pond to ensure that it can provide a good growth environment for seedlings. If necessary, add ozone disinfection system and protein separation system to the water in the nursery. Add 0.5 cubic meters/hour of ozone and add 8 hours per day. For a three-day cycle, the protein separator processing capacity can be configured to 50 cubic meters per hour, which generally accounts for 50% of the return pond water.
Laminaria japonica
Characteristics of the disease is also known as sporulation of young sporophytes. It is also known as young sporozoroid malformation or edema disease (Fujian). Before 2008, the disease mainly occurred in the sporozoites of 2 rows to 4 rows of cells. The sporozoites developed to 8 rows of cells, and the disease was basically over. In recent years, the disease has prolonged onset. The diseased seedlings can continue to appear until about 1 mm. From onset to shedding and death, it can be roughly divided into the early, middle and late stages of the disease.
Precursory: 30% of the spores of the 2 rows of cells have bright yellow color, slender shape, stretch without obesity, at the beginning of the disease, 2 rows to 4 rows of spores are elongated, and the vertical division of the upper and lower cells is not obvious and the division is not neat. The entire seedling has a number of cells in a number of columns, arranged neatly, and the color is normal. Some cells have a small number of columns, large and prolonged, loosely arranged, slow dividing or stop dividing, the size of the cells is about 3 to 5 times or even 5 to 8 times of the cells, and the cell color appears milky yellow, light yellow, even Colorless hollow shape. Mid-onset: The sporophyte of the disease emerged. The cells stopped dividing and the seedlings stopped growing. Some of the cells became more inflated and hung like a tumor outside the body. They appeared to be deformed and the pigment was unevenly distributed. Late onset: The onset of young sporophytes has almost no vitality at this time. It is basically passively hung on the seedling curtain. Most of the cell's color has appeared yellow-green, light green, and the part that protrudes from the body is basically no longer inflated. The sporophyte is basically whole body deformed, leading to death.
Cause analysis and prevention causes and prevention: (1) Insufficient total light quantity of seedlings is the main cause of the disease. In actual seedling production, advance light adjustment, shrimp net adjustment, and prolonged light time can be adopted to provide seedling splitting for photosynthesis. The required energy for action will reduce the incidence of the disease, especially in the case of continuous rainy days, and more attention should be paid to taking precautions in advance. Once onset, the nursery system must be cleaned in a timely manner, and the frequency and intensity of cleaning the seedlings must be increased to remove the diseased seedlings and reduce secondary hazards. (2) The disease occurs almost every year in varying degrees. It is a common disease, but the hazards are different. It can be prevented by adding 2 mg/L urea.
Kelp green rot disease
Characteristics of the disease The seedling green rot disease is a disease that occurs later. The disease rot begins to rot from the tip of the blade, turns green in the middle, becomes soft and gradually rots, and then develops to the entire leaf until the seedlings die.
The main cause of the etiological analysis and prevention measures is due to the lack of light intensity, especially in the case of continuous rainy days of 3 days to 5 days, seedlings are more likely to occur. At the late stage of nursery, when the northern part is usually in early October, the seedling size is generally between 5mm and 10mm, the seedling body is getting bigger, the shade between the seedling and the seedling is heavy, and some seedlings are greenish due to long-term light deficiency. Green rot occurs at this time, there should be plans to increase light intensity, enhance scrubbing, reduce the incubation temperature to 6 °C ~ 6.5 °C; prevent algae respiration due to high water temperature, and lack of light, photosynthesis intensity is low, released Oxygen is less, which increases the occurrence of green rot; at the same time, it can prevent the alginic acid-degrading bacteria in the breeding system from multiplying and invading and leading to diseases; the other thing to note is that it should be closely planted, especially after controlling 8 cells. The density, so the environmental factor is the main cause of morbidity.
Kelp seedlings
Disease characteristics One of the common diseases in the cultivation of seaweed summer seedlings occurs mainly in the middle and late stages of nursery, and usually occurs in 3 mm to 5 mm seedlings. The leaves of the diseased algae suddenly turn white, and then gradually increase the area until it falls off. , 160 times the microscope observation, the loss of protoplasm within the cell, the basic loss of pigment, the color white; before the onset of the microscope observation of the cell was hollow like a sieve or large eyes, intracellular pigment uneven distribution, gathered around; visible to the naked eye Seedlings do not curl curly, lighter than normal seedlings. The disease site is mainly located at the front end of the leaves of the seedlings and generally does not extend to the middle and lower parts of the leaves. If the appearance of the pigment ring is observed under a microscope, the disease is stopped. It is generally considered that the algae body undergoes photooxidation after receiving strong light, and thus the pigment in the cells is completely decomposed and the cells appear white.
Etiological analysis and prevention (1) Reducing cultivation light to a certain extent, and gradually restoring light after the disease is over. (2) Intensify the washing of the seedling curtains, clear the pool, remove the infected algae parts, and sort the seedling curtains at the same time.
Kelp spotted white rot
Characteristics of the disease The local pigments of the leaves of the algae disappeared, appearing green and then turning white, appearing small green spots or small white spots, and gradually increasing the spread until the whole algal body rots and dies. The disease usually occurs in the late stage of nursery, especially if the seed more than 10 mm is easy to appear. The disease develops very quickly. In 3 days to 5 days, it can cause serious rot.
Etiological analysis and preventive measures The etiology of the disease is caused by the sudden increase of continuous light, which causes the algae to develop. The first step is to reduce the light intensity to the appropriate intensity, and then the temperature of the seedlings should be controlled. The temperature should not be too high, generally controlled at 6°C; Seed curtains, isolation and cultivation, strengthening washing work.
Kelp disease
Disease characteristics The main diseases in the process of seaweed seedling breeding are also the most harmful diseases. The frequency of the disease is high and the damage is large. It will cause devastating blows to the production and breeding, and can cause huge economic losses. At the same time, it will also give the seedlings of the year. This type of market caused large fluctuations, which in turn affected the normal supply of seed, drastically reduced the area of ​​kelp farming, and directly affected the production and income of coastal aquaculture companies.
Generally when the seedling size reaches about 5 mm, symptoms will appear. Firstly, in the seedling neck, there will be individual lateral rooting, appearance of tumors, cytoplasmic outflow, and then gradually increase; some non-appearing lateral roots appear with a small amount of granular phenomenon, and easy to find semicircular bacteria Spots, generally careful observation, the early stage will appear arced plaque, the number will gradually increase; neck cells, color, shape will appear significant changes, cell boundaries are not clear, loose tissue, color from bright to gray, neck cells The outer edge is dry and shrinking. If the control is not good, it will gradually spread until all the seedlings fall off in the incubation room, and some nursery manufacturers in the indoor control is relatively good, but the recovery of the stem is not in place, even if the natural conditions of the seedlings after the sea is normal, there will still be large Area of ​​seedling shedding phenomenon.
Etiological analysis and prevention of causes: (1) Diseases caused by microorganisms. Alginic acid decomposing bacteria have been the dominant population in the nursery system throughout the disease stage, and there will be an order of magnitude increase in the early onset of disease. This requires farmers to strengthen management in the late stage of nursery to remove all conditions conducive to microbial reproduction and prevent breeding. The organic matter in the pool becomes the medium of this dominant population, preventing the proliferation of pathogens and taking advantage of them. Can be taken in the water system to add protein separator filter, activated carbon filtration method to achieve the purpose of removing organic matter. (2) The cultivation environment is not suitable to cause the disease. As the seedling size increases, the requirements for water quality become more and more stringent. If the filtering and purification measures of the water in the nursery are not effective, the physical and chemical factors of the water are not normal or the pH value increases sharply, it is easy to cause algae. The lack of gas exchange in the body of the water results in no improvement in the living environment of the seedlings. In view of this situation, measures can be taken to increase the amount of new water, recycle water, and reduce the cultivation temperature in advance. At the same time, appropriate carbon dioxide can be added to the water body to adjust the pH to a reasonable range. (3) Proper close planting to provide suitable growth conditions for seedlings.
In short, the kelp breeding period is relatively long and the variables are large, and it is necessary to tighten the nerves at all times. In recent years, in order to reduce costs, the nurseries have postponed their picking time. The north usually ends in early August and the southern part is usually in mid-September. However, the minimum time for nursery is 60 days. This is the reproduction of some microorganisms. The space is provided. Therefore, in the prevention and control of microbial diseases, we must take precautions as our main policy principle and take preventive measures. In addition, we must do a good job in the selection and cultivation of seaweed species; Strengthen management; For diseases caused by light, require technical staff to do diligent observation, ground adjustment, be sure to control all the details of the growth and development of the seaweed seedlings in the overall state, pull the whole body, and be aware of the overall situation.
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