Breakthrough of 12 therapies for cancer treatment

Release date: 2016-03-28

Cancer is one of the biggest killers of human health in the 21st century. It is said that any human body has a proto-oncogene, but it can only be activated by the external factors and cause the abnormal differentiation of the cells, which will lead to canceration of the cells. Therefore, cancer is an intrinsic property of multicellular life and is almost impossible to prevent. Almost every expert will tell us that what we can do to fight cancer is to control the growth and spread of cancer cells, making it a chronic disease that can be controlled. This is the ultimate goal of cancer prevention.

In January of this year, the US government announced that it will have a new scientific research strategic goal - the anti-cancer "moon landing plan", in order to take another big step in the field of cancer research. US President Barack Obama proposes to invest about $1 billion over the next two years. Key areas of support will include cancer prevention and vaccine development, early cancer detection, cancer immunotherapy and combination therapy, genomic analysis of tumors and surrounding cells, and strengthening. Data sharing, childhood cancer research, etc.

1 "nano drug" direct to cancer cells

At the 6th China International Nanoscience and Technology Conference held in Beijing, Zhao Yuliang, deputy director of the National Nanoscience Center, said that nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine are the fastest growing areas of nanotechnology in the last decade. If it can be regulated at the nanoscale, it will have a profound impact on the treatment and prevention of major diseases. The process is "delivering drugs to the diseased organs like nano-carriers," so that very little drug can be used to produce high efficiency and avoid side effects.

He explained that unlike traditional molecular drugs, nanomedicine is a particle formed by agglomeration of many molecules. These particles can be designed to add new functions, such as allowing nanomedicine to be diagnosed and treated at the same time; some can be treated in stages. Some magnetic nanoparticles can also be controlled by magnetic release in vitro; others can control the behavior of nano drugs in the human body by magnetic, laser or infrared heating.

Professor Patrick Shinco of Rutgers State University of New Jersey said: "When cancer patients receive chemotherapy, the drugs are not targeted and attack healthy cells at the same time. Nanotechnology can help drugs find cancer cells and then release drugs only for cancer cells. Treatment.

2 "DNA repair" innovative treatment

In 2015, a Swedish scientist, Thomas Lindal, an American scientist, Paul Modric, and a scientist with dual US and Turkish nationality, Aziz Sanjal, were involved in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) repair. The study was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

DNA is a molecule that can form genetic instructions, guide biological development and vital functioning. A DNA fragment with genetic information is called a gene. DNA is damaged every day by UV, free radicals and carcinogens. Because it is determined that the decay rate of DNA is inconsistent with the decline process of human life, Lindel discovered through research that the molecular mechanism of base excision and repair that can continuously counteract DNA collapse, Sangarr has drawn a mechanism for nucleotide excision repair. It shows how cells repair UV damage to DNA. In the study, Modric discovered the mechanism of cell "correction" during DNA replication during cell division.

The research of these three winners at the molecular level describes how cells repair DNA and maintain genetic information, providing a broad prospect for innovative cancer treatments.

3 enzyme inhibitors make cancer cells "appear"

According to a study published by the Edinburgh Cancer Research Center in the United Kingdom, an experimental focal adhesion kinase inhibitor can help the immune system effectively identify and attack “hidden” cancer cells, and it is expected to develop cancer treatments with lower side effects. drug. The report has been published in the American journal Cell.

The article said that focal adhesion kinase can play a role in cell signaling, helping healthy cells to grow and move, but tumors tend to overproduce this enzyme, so that cancer cells can avoid the attack of the immune system, and some cancer cells will produce a large number of Enzymes, which are resistant to chemotherapy drugs. Researchers using an inhibitor to control the level of focal adhesion kinase can make cancer cells lose their "stealth" ability.

This treatment works primarily on cancer cells, rather than directly regulating the immune system, so its side effects are lower. Currently, the trial has been successful in experimental mice with skin cancer, and the researchers say it may have the same effect on other types of cancer.

4 "visible projection" assists with accurate surgery

A device developed by Japanese researchers uses projection mapping technology to directly project the liver of a liver cancer patient, which can distinguish between the tumor site and the normal site, which greatly assists the cancer treatment surgery to be performed accurately and safely. This device is named "visible light projection device".

Researchers at Kyoto University who developed the device said that this technology not only shortens the operation time but also reduces the burden on patients. In addition to liver cancer, this technology is expected to be used in the treatment of various cancers such as breast cancer, lung cancer, and rectal cancer. And this device can also reduce the surgeon's mental stress, can only remove the lesions, and maximize the preservation of liver function.

At present, the research team is going to implement about 30 operations within one year, and strive to achieve promotion in 2018.

B. Various treatments emerge endlessly

Last November, a 1-year-old British girl, Lyra Richards, became the first patient in the world to reverse cancer with "customized" immune cells. She is treated at the Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, UK for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the most common form of childhood leukemia. The doctors modified the T cells (a cell that regulates the immune system) provided by a healthy donor, and then injected a small amount of this genetically modified cell (UCART19 cells) into the child, eventually making the girl's disease Healed. Scientists believe that the application of this genetic engineering technology may have very good prospects.

In the past one or two years, a variety of high-tech means of treating cancer have been discovered through various experiments. Although they are not really used for clinical treatment, they do bring about the dawn of improving human health.

5 "gene scissors" can correct pathogenic genes

In 2015, the most critical breakthrough in research on cancer treatment methods should be a study called “genetic scissors”. The study was included in the top ten breakthroughs in the top academic journal Science in the past three times, and became the annual focus of both Science and Nature magazines at the end of 2015. The reason is that the discovery of this technology allows the gene editing technology to achieve precise and simple operation, which greatly reduces the "threshold" of gene editing, and modifies and deletes cellular genes such as scissors. Simply put, it can protect against virus intrusion more directly and simply.

In the report of Nature, in April 2015, Huang Jun, a scientist at Sun Yat-Sen University in China, announced that "the first genetic modification of human embryos in the world using genetic scissors technology" has shown that this research can prevent this gene. The mutation eventually leads to thalassemia. He said that the reason why the human embryo (the hospital's abandoned defective embryo) gene is edited is because "it can reveal the genetic roots of diseases such as cancer or diabetes, and can also be used to study the function of various genes during embryonic development." The genetic "knives" of human embryonic genes and germ cells (including sperm, eggs, and fertilized eggs) have been highly controversial, but the study by Huang Jun shocked the academic world.

Yang Lan, who did postdoctoral research at Harvard University in the United States, also successfully knocked out 62 viral genes in the pig genome with American colleagues, thus opening up the major difficulties of using pig organs for human transplantation. Yang Wei once told Xinhua News Agency: "From the perspective of technological development, I think that genetic scissors technology is only the beginning of genetic modification technology. We still have a lot of imagination in the performance and application of tools."

In theory, genetic editing can change specific genetic traits. Can genetic modification be used to correct disease-causing mutations to completely suppress cancer? ! This is the hottest topic at the moment.

6 “Improving immunity” therapy

Cancer immunotherapy is a treatment that cures the body's immune system rather than directly treating it directly. Previously, researchers have known that in some cancer patients, the "regulatory T cells" of the immune system are overactive. These cells have the function of suppressing immune responses. If they act excessively, they will reduce the function of immune cells and make them The attack power of cancer cells is reduced.

Researchers at the Aichi Medical University in Japan and the National Cancer Research Center in Japan have found that drugs that activate immune cells are ineffective in patients with chemotherapy and can produce certain anticancer effects through small-scale clinical trials. This medicine actually has the effect of reducing regulatory T cells, allowing the body's immune system to function consciously.

7 use viruses to destroy cancer cells

Recently, the Ottawa Hospital Cancer Research Center in Canada is developing a technology to use cancer to destroy cancer cells. This technology uses two viruses, one is the modified Malabar virus from Brazil and the other is a modified cold. virus. The researchers said that the two viruses can play different roles. The Maraba virus is used to kill cancer cells. The cold virus is used to stimulate the immune system. After the immune system is mobilized, the effect of killing cancer cells can be maintained. Go on.

In the summer of 2015, the Ottawa Hospital Cancer Research Center officially began a human clinical trial of this technology and adopted a method of directly injecting the virus into the tumor area. From the effect of the X-ray film, the tumors in both patients participating in the experiment disappeared. In the next two years, there will be 70 patients involved in the trial.

8 “lights up” and removes residual cancer cells

According to the US "Time" weekly website reported on January 7, doctors nowadays usually use a phased approach to eliminate cancer. They usually use surgery to remove the cancerous part as much as possible, and then use radiotherapy and chemotherapy to kill cancer cells that may remain after surgery. However, because some cancer cells are embedded in healthy tissues, it is not easy to find these cancer cells. So researchers at the Duke University Medical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology have developed a method of detecting, attaching, and then "lighting" residual cancer cells, which makes it easier for surgeons to see cancer. cell.

These scientists, in a study published in the journal Science Translational Medicine, described the probe called LUM015. They injected LUM015 into the resected parts of the cancerous body in mice and humans, and found that this technique is not only safe, but also potentially effective for detecting cancer cells. Once LUM015 is found, cancer cells break down and release a fluorescent agent, which causes the cancer cells in mice to be four times brighter than surrounding healthy tissues such as muscle tissue, allowing scientists to quickly identify cancer cells.

Researchers have tested LUM015 in 15 patients with soft tissue sarcoma and breast cancer. They found that the technology is safe and effective. If the results of the study still support the safety and benefits of LUM015, the role of this technology may not be limited to the discovery of residual cancer cells, but also the discovery and diagnosis of cancer at an early stage.

9 "biochip" to separate cancer cells

The research team at the University of New South Wales in Australia claims to have invented a biochip that can separate cancer cells from the blood, filter the blood in a device called "cancer dialysis", and identify the cancer cells in the blood, then Remove. This technology can greatly reduce the cost of cancer treatment. If a large chip can be made, the blood of a cancer patient will be "cleaned" like kidney dialysis, thereby extending the life of the patient.

According to the researchers, 99% of human cancers are solid tumors, and cancer cells that enter the human peripheral blood (blood other than bone marrow) will spread to other parts of the body as the blood metastasizes. According to the characteristics that cancer cells are larger than healthy cells and have higher metabolism, doctors put blood mixed with healthy cells and cancer cells into biochips. Under the influence of fluid pressure, larger cancer cells and smaller healthy cells are respectively Enter different outlets and successfully separate. For patients with early cancer, this technique can reduce the risk of cancer metastasis.

10 trapping cancer cells to prevent spread

Researchers at the Francis Crick Institute in the UK and the University of Copenhagen in Denmark recently reported in the European Molecular Biology Newsletter that they have developed a new method to immobilize cancer cells in one place and prevent them from spreading. Go to other parts of the body.

After tumors appear in people's bodies, fibroblasts often harden the tissues surrounding the tumor, and cancer cells can enter the bloodstream and spread to other parts of the body. The study found that using an experimental drug can alter the mechanism of action of fibroblasts so that they no longer harden the tissue surrounding the tumor, and healthy tissue can effectively "trap" cancer cells and prevent them from spreading to other sites. .

Zena Webb, professor of anatomy at the University of California, San Francisco, wrote in Nature that most anticancer drugs ignore the distinction between primary and metastatic tumors, and cancer metastasis is the cause of most The main cause of death in cancer patients, so preventing metastatic cells from invading other parts of the body is also a key target for cancer researchers.

11 interrupt tumor cell replication

Recent research by scientists has also found that tumor cells are capable of DNA gene duplication during cleavage, a feature that allows tumor cells to rapidly divide while maintaining gene stability. If you can find ways to stop the DNA replication of tumor cells in the split stage, you can control the proliferation of tumor cells by weakening the stability of tumor cell DNA.

This research was carried out by the team of Professor Ian Hickson of the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and the team of Professor Shen Huahao from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Zhejiang University. The research results have been published in the journal Nature.

Professor Ian Hickson of the Royal Society of Denmark and the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, believe that the discovery of DNA replication during tumor cell division will have a major impact on multidisciplinary research including nucleic acid repair, replication and cancer.

12 Implantation of disease-resistant white blood cells to kill cancer cells

A study led by experts at the University College London found that by collecting disease-resistant white blood cells from patients, they are sent back to the patient's body after laboratory training to eliminate cancer – in theory, they can kill every cancer cell – This method can effectively prevent the recurrence of the disease, not only for the treatment of cancer at any stage, but also for cancer patients who have reached the advanced stage and have no choice.

Of course, it also belongs to an immunotherapy, similar to the method mentioned above for treating a one-year-old British girl Lyra. But scientists believe that in a few years, "we treat cancer with immunotherapy as common as today's chemotherapy."

Source: Golden Sheep Net

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