Spring wheat planting technology
Due to the large rain in the autumn of Huanghuai winter wheat area last year, a large number of lakes and cotton fields have delayed the planting of wheat due to stagnant water in the autumn or due to late evening. Many farmers' friends came to the telephone to inquire whether there was spring planting in the summer and the summer crops were not delayed. Spring wheat is a suitable crop, but as far as I know, there are few spring wheat varieties suitable for planting in Huanghuai winter wheat area. Huinong School talked about how to use the semi-winter varieties to grow spring wheat for reference by farmers.
First, understand the variety of winter and spring
After the seeds of wheat germinate in the soil, they must pass a certain period of low temperature conditions before they can develop and form a solid organ. This time is called the vernalization stage of wheat. The temperature required for the winter varieties to pass the vernalization stage is relatively low, generally between 0 ° C and 3 ° C, which lasts for 40 to 45 days. The temperature required for the semi-winter varieties to pass the vernalization stage is generally 3 ° C to 6 ° C, and the elapsed time is 10 days to 15 days. Semi-winter varieties can also pass vernalization above 8 °C, but the heading of plants is relatively slow. The temperature of the spring varieties through the vernalization stage is relatively high, generally 7 ° C ~ 15 ° C, 5 to 8 days can pass vernalization. Therefore, in the absence of suitable spring varieties, it is advisable to use semi-winter varieties.
Second, solve the vernalization problem In order to make wheat as soon as possible through vernalization, timely maturity, the following methods can be used:
1. Sowing early. Before and after the Spring Festival, when the temperature is high, when the local surface is frozen to a depth of about 6 cm, you can seize the opportunity to sow. In the case of alternating cold and warm in the future, the germination of wheat seeds can be matured in time through vernalization.
2. The germinated seeds are treated at a low temperature of 0 to 5 ° C for 10 to 25 days before sowing, and then seeded. Pay attention to the ventilation and ventilation of the seeds during cold treatment. It is not suitable to cover the airtight things such as plastic cloth, because the breathing intensity is increased after the seeds are germinated.
Third, recognize the fertility characteristics of spring wheat
1. The growth period is short, and the spring wheat is harvested and harvested for more than 90 days.
2. The vegetative growth period is short, the spring wheat spring temperature is from low to high, and the sunshine is from short to long. It enters the light stage quickly through the vernalization stage, from the emergence to the single-edge period of about 20 days.
3. The tillering period is short, the time from emergence to jointing is very short, the tillering is small, and the tillering rate is very low.
4. The roots are shallow and weak, and they are prone to premature aging due to de-fertilization and water shortage.
5. Ears differentiate early, generally 4 leaves enter the bipolar period, 5 leaves florets differentiate.
Fourth, spring wheat cultivation techniques
1. Fertilization, fertilizer support. Before sowing, apply the fat strips to a depth of 9 cm underground, and then sow the seeds to a depth of 3 to 4 cm. When the wheat seedlings are depleted at the three-leaf stage, the fertilizer supply is just right.
2. Apply enough base fertilizer. If it is prepared before winter, apply 2000 kg of organic fertilizer per acre, 15 kg of ammonium phosphate and 15 kg of urea, spread it evenly into the ground, and immediately plow it, so that the "tire is rich" and the depth of cultivation reaches 20-25 cm. Not prepared before winter, 30 to 50 kg of standard nitrogen fertilizer per mu (appropriately increased or decreased due to different soil fertility), standard phosphate fertilizer 30 to 50 kg, potash fertilizer and micro-fertilizer.
3. Broadcast early in time and reduce the line spacing. The sooner the spring wheat is sowed, the better the anti-freezing ability of wheat in the vernalization stage, and generally no freezing damage will occur. Spring wheat has less tillers and smaller individuals, and it is better to obtain high yields by close planting. Generally, the line spacing is about 17 cm, or the size is large, the line is 20 cm, and the small line is 13 to 15 cm. The sowing amount depends on the thousand-grain weight of the seed, the germination rate and the number of ears per mu. Generally, the number of ears per mu is about 350,000 ears, so the seeding amount is about 20 kg. The difference in soil fertility or lyrical condition can increase the amount of sowing.
4. Early management. The endosperm nutrients of the spring wheat 3 leaf stage are exhausted, and the spike differentiation and tillering period require a large amount of nutrients. In the spring, there is less rain, and the wheat seedlings cannot cover the ground. The ground is bare and runs fast. Therefore, the management of spring wheat should be early fattening, early irrigation, and promote early tillering. Two leaves and one heart irrigation water, combined with poor ground force, 35-40 kg of ammonium bicarbonate, or 15 kg of urea, fertilization with good soil fertility is delayed until the jointing period. In principle, the second water should be followed immediately after the head water, 10 to 15 days apart. After the second water, the three waters should be slow. Generally, after the second section is set, the ineffective splitting is followed by three waters.
5. Pour the grout water. Pay attention to rainy days and windy days during the filling period to prevent wheat from lodging. After the wheat is spread, water is poured at intervals of about 15 days.
6. Pay attention to pest control. Because spring wheat stems and leaves are more tender than winter branches, they are more susceptible to pests and diseases. Therefore, spring wheat should strengthen pest control more than winter wheat.
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