Key Techniques of Freshwater Culture of Penaeus vannamei in South America
First, biological characteristics
1, morphological characteristics: adult up to 23cm in length, head short, thin shell, normal body color is light blue gray, step foot often chalky, so it is known as white-lid shrimp.
2, living habits:
(1) The natural habitat is a muddy seabed with a water depth of 0.22m;
(2) growth water temperature 15 ~ 38 °C, the optimum water temperature 22 ~ 35 °C, less than 18 °C, feeding activities affected, lying below 9 °C;
(3) It can grow in the salinity of 0.5 to 35% of the water, domestication by salinity, but also in pure freshwater ponds.
3, food and growth
(1) is omnivorous, the crude protein content of 25 to 30% can meet its nutritional needs, has the habit of killing each other;
(2) Water with fresh water, DO5mg/L or more, pH value of 7.0 to 8.5, and low ammonia nitrogen content; (3) Rapid growth, large individuals, 1.2 to 1.5cm of desalinated shrimp in freshwater, and breeding after three months More than 10cm, commercial shrimp weighing 10g or more.
Second, pond freshwater aquaculture technology
1. Pond conditions:
(1) It is best to use a newly opened pond to build a pool where the water source is sufficient, the water quality is good, there is no pollution and the drainage is convenient, the dike does not leak water, and the geology is sandy loam;
(2) An area of ​​1-5 mu, a water depth of 0.8 to 1.5 cm, and a pool slope of 1:3;
(3) Each pond is best equipped with a suitable power booster.
2. Prepare the pond before stocking:
(1) Clearing the pond: About 20 days before planting, dredging and sorting the pond. After clearing the pond for 10 days, the water injection into the pond was dissolved by dissolving 75kg/mu of quicklime and disinfected. 7 to 10 days after the injection of water into the pool, so that the water depth of 0.8 ~ 1.5m. Note: Drain outlets are respectively covered with 80 mesh and 40 mesh screens;
(2) Water quality for fertilization: 1m deep water per acre, ammonium bicarbonate 30kg, calcium superphosphate 10kg or “Dajiang†brand granule chicken manure (organic fertilizer) 30-40kg to feed bait organisms, so that the water is yellowish green or dark brown, and the transparency is 30～ 40cm.
3, seed stocking
(1) Selection of shrimp
1. Standards: Robust and lively, slender and uniform in body size, clean in body surface, full in muscle, full in intestine, sensitive in response, clear in direction of swimming, large in body transparency, and free of body lesions.
2. To determine whether or not the quality seedlings method (resistance to water test): randomly take a number of tail shrimp seedlings, wrap them around with a twisted wet towel, remove it after 10 minutes and put it back into the original pool, there are live for the high quality shrimp seedlings, Otherwise it is a bad seedling.
(2) Stocking specifications: preferably 2cm or more, generally 1-1.2 or 1-1.5cm, not less than 0.8cm;
(3) Timely rearing of shrimp: The stocking time in Suzhou area is generally available from late May to early June (above 22°C);
(4) Stocking densities: shrimps with stocking specifications of 1.2 to 1.5 cm will be farmed for 60-80 days, and will be calculated at a survival rate of 70%: 15,000 shrimp per acre will produce 150-160 kg of shrimp, and 20,000 tail stocks will be stocked, yielding 180-200 kg. Stocking 30,000 to 40,000 tails, producing 250-300kg, stocking 50,000-60000 tails, producing 350-400kg;
(5) The pond is started to aerate the oxygen aerator one day before the seedlings are released, and the water is used to test the water.
(6) Adjust the water temperature of the shrimp seedlings bag and the stocking pool water so that the water temperature of the two water bodies is consistent;
(7) Koike resuscitation time: generally 7-10 days;
4, feeding and management
1. Water quality regulation
(1) Regulation of pond water color: The most common method is to apply nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus clothing in the pool water in an N:P ratio of 20:1. For example, thin water ponds can be used to apply organic fertilizers in the early stage. The amount of top dressing depends on the transparency of the pond water, PH value, and water color. , Fertilizer can be applied once a week to keep the water in the shade of yellowish green or dark brown. However, in the middle and late breeding period, due to the deepening of water color, water should be changed or a certain amount of zeolite powder or quicklime should be used to control the water color.
When conditions permit, beneficial microorganisms such as photosynthetic bacteria should be applied in the pool to improve water color and water quality.
(2) Control of pH, dissolved oxygen, and transparency of pool water:
1PH: The suitable pH is 7.8-8.5, lime can be applied every 20 days, but PH should not be too high.
2DO: Actuate the aerator under the conditions of water quality, and gradually extend the boot time to ensure that the pool DO is above 5mg/L and the minimum is not less than 1.2mg/L.
3 Transparency: Keep 25-40cm in the early stage and 35-50cm in the middle and later stages. If it is less than 20cm, change the water, add water or apply zeolite powder or quicklime; if it is too large, it can be fertilized.
4 Take care of the turtle to adjust the water quality.
It is best to purchase a water quality quick tester or kit.
2. Scientific feeding
(1) Early period (15 days after planting): Mainly based on bio-based baits, and daily cross-digging stones to feed steamed chicken cakes, peanut bran, cooked fish gizzards and shrimp (No. 0 broken shrimp material particle size 0.05 ~ The 0.5-mm-day feeding measurement was 10% of the wet weight of the shrimp, which was fed twice a day. The time was divided into 7:00 and 19:00;
(2) In the medium term (3-10cm in body length), shrimps with a particle size of 0.5-1.5mm are mainly fed, and the minced fish is cooked every 5 days. The daily amount of bait is 6-8%, 3 times a day, divided into 7 times. : Three feedings: 00, 19:00, 23:00;
(3) Late feeding of shrimp with a particle size of 1.5-2.0mm, daily bait amount of 4-5%, 4 times a day, 7:00, 12:00, 19:00, 24:00, feeding method is along the pond Feed it evenly. (The bait station may be set up to check the shrimp feeding condition and adjust the feeding amount according to the weather water temperature and the like.)
3. Xuntang: Adhere to the dawn every day and the afternoon at midnight in the afternoon to inspect the ponds. Check the completeness of various facilities, water quality, shrimp activity, feeding conditions, and growth conditions.
4. Prevention and control of shrimp disease
1. To understand the source of seed shrimp and shrimp seedlings in hatchery and nursery, whether the import channels are seriously diluted, and whether they have been quarantined by the relevant authorities. (may consider the introduction of SPF shrimp).
2. At the beginning of the cultivation, the pond is sprayed with 2 g/m3 oxytetracycline; every other week, nitrofurazone is sprayed with 1-1.5 mg/l, and some drugs are periodically added to the feed to increase the resistance to disease. Mixed bait drugs are vitamin C, E, allicin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, iodine, rhubarb and so on.
1, morphological characteristics: adult up to 23cm in length, head short, thin shell, normal body color is light blue gray, step foot often chalky, so it is known as white-lid shrimp.
2, living habits:
(1) The natural habitat is a muddy seabed with a water depth of 0.22m;
(2) growth water temperature 15 ~ 38 °C, the optimum water temperature 22 ~ 35 °C, less than 18 °C, feeding activities affected, lying below 9 °C;
(3) It can grow in the salinity of 0.5 to 35% of the water, domestication by salinity, but also in pure freshwater ponds.
3, food and growth
(1) is omnivorous, the crude protein content of 25 to 30% can meet its nutritional needs, has the habit of killing each other;
(2) Water with fresh water, DO5mg/L or more, pH value of 7.0 to 8.5, and low ammonia nitrogen content; (3) Rapid growth, large individuals, 1.2 to 1.5cm of desalinated shrimp in freshwater, and breeding after three months More than 10cm, commercial shrimp weighing 10g or more.
Second, pond freshwater aquaculture technology
1. Pond conditions:
(1) It is best to use a newly opened pond to build a pool where the water source is sufficient, the water quality is good, there is no pollution and the drainage is convenient, the dike does not leak water, and the geology is sandy loam;
(2) An area of ​​1-5 mu, a water depth of 0.8 to 1.5 cm, and a pool slope of 1:3;
(3) Each pond is best equipped with a suitable power booster.
2. Prepare the pond before stocking:
(1) Clearing the pond: About 20 days before planting, dredging and sorting the pond. After clearing the pond for 10 days, the water injection into the pond was dissolved by dissolving 75kg/mu of quicklime and disinfected. 7 to 10 days after the injection of water into the pool, so that the water depth of 0.8 ~ 1.5m. Note: Drain outlets are respectively covered with 80 mesh and 40 mesh screens;
(2) Water quality for fertilization: 1m deep water per acre, ammonium bicarbonate 30kg, calcium superphosphate 10kg or “Dajiang†brand granule chicken manure (organic fertilizer) 30-40kg to feed bait organisms, so that the water is yellowish green or dark brown, and the transparency is 30～ 40cm.
3, seed stocking
(1) Selection of shrimp
1. Standards: Robust and lively, slender and uniform in body size, clean in body surface, full in muscle, full in intestine, sensitive in response, clear in direction of swimming, large in body transparency, and free of body lesions.
2. To determine whether or not the quality seedlings method (resistance to water test): randomly take a number of tail shrimp seedlings, wrap them around with a twisted wet towel, remove it after 10 minutes and put it back into the original pool, there are live for the high quality shrimp seedlings, Otherwise it is a bad seedling.
(2) Stocking specifications: preferably 2cm or more, generally 1-1.2 or 1-1.5cm, not less than 0.8cm;
(3) Timely rearing of shrimp: The stocking time in Suzhou area is generally available from late May to early June (above 22°C);
(4) Stocking densities: shrimps with stocking specifications of 1.2 to 1.5 cm will be farmed for 60-80 days, and will be calculated at a survival rate of 70%: 15,000 shrimp per acre will produce 150-160 kg of shrimp, and 20,000 tail stocks will be stocked, yielding 180-200 kg. Stocking 30,000 to 40,000 tails, producing 250-300kg, stocking 50,000-60000 tails, producing 350-400kg;
(5) The pond is started to aerate the oxygen aerator one day before the seedlings are released, and the water is used to test the water.
(6) Adjust the water temperature of the shrimp seedlings bag and the stocking pool water so that the water temperature of the two water bodies is consistent;
(7) Koike resuscitation time: generally 7-10 days;
4, feeding and management
1. Water quality regulation
(1) Regulation of pond water color: The most common method is to apply nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus clothing in the pool water in an N:P ratio of 20:1. For example, thin water ponds can be used to apply organic fertilizers in the early stage. The amount of top dressing depends on the transparency of the pond water, PH value, and water color. , Fertilizer can be applied once a week to keep the water in the shade of yellowish green or dark brown. However, in the middle and late breeding period, due to the deepening of water color, water should be changed or a certain amount of zeolite powder or quicklime should be used to control the water color.
When conditions permit, beneficial microorganisms such as photosynthetic bacteria should be applied in the pool to improve water color and water quality.
(2) Control of pH, dissolved oxygen, and transparency of pool water:
1PH: The suitable pH is 7.8-8.5, lime can be applied every 20 days, but PH should not be too high.
2DO: Actuate the aerator under the conditions of water quality, and gradually extend the boot time to ensure that the pool DO is above 5mg/L and the minimum is not less than 1.2mg/L.
3 Transparency: Keep 25-40cm in the early stage and 35-50cm in the middle and later stages. If it is less than 20cm, change the water, add water or apply zeolite powder or quicklime; if it is too large, it can be fertilized.
4 Take care of the turtle to adjust the water quality.
It is best to purchase a water quality quick tester or kit.
2. Scientific feeding
(1) Early period (15 days after planting): Mainly based on bio-based baits, and daily cross-digging stones to feed steamed chicken cakes, peanut bran, cooked fish gizzards and shrimp (No. 0 broken shrimp material particle size 0.05 ~ The 0.5-mm-day feeding measurement was 10% of the wet weight of the shrimp, which was fed twice a day. The time was divided into 7:00 and 19:00;
(2) In the medium term (3-10cm in body length), shrimps with a particle size of 0.5-1.5mm are mainly fed, and the minced fish is cooked every 5 days. The daily amount of bait is 6-8%, 3 times a day, divided into 7 times. : Three feedings: 00, 19:00, 23:00;
(3) Late feeding of shrimp with a particle size of 1.5-2.0mm, daily bait amount of 4-5%, 4 times a day, 7:00, 12:00, 19:00, 24:00, feeding method is along the pond Feed it evenly. (The bait station may be set up to check the shrimp feeding condition and adjust the feeding amount according to the weather water temperature and the like.)
3. Xuntang: Adhere to the dawn every day and the afternoon at midnight in the afternoon to inspect the ponds. Check the completeness of various facilities, water quality, shrimp activity, feeding conditions, and growth conditions.
4. Prevention and control of shrimp disease
1. To understand the source of seed shrimp and shrimp seedlings in hatchery and nursery, whether the import channels are seriously diluted, and whether they have been quarantined by the relevant authorities. (may consider the introduction of SPF shrimp).
2. At the beginning of the cultivation, the pond is sprayed with 2 g/m3 oxytetracycline; every other week, nitrofurazone is sprayed with 1-1.5 mg/l, and some drugs are periodically added to the feed to increase the resistance to disease. Mixed bait drugs are vitamin C, E, allicin, oxytetracycline, chloramphenicol, iodine, rhubarb and so on.
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