Fruit tree pesticide spraying key technology and medicine damage remediation method
In order to improve the yield and quality of fruits, reduce the number of spraying of pesticides, and increase the years of tree growth, the following key periods are mainly grasped in the prevention of pests and diseases.
The first is the period of significant swelling of the buds, namely the light rod medicine. During this period, spray high-concentration fungicides with insecticides, spray them through the trees and under the trees. It mainly controls a variety of overwintering germs and pests.
The second is to spray buds with higher concentrations of fungicides and insecticides to prevent and control flower rot.
The third is to spray fungicide and insecticide one week after flowering, mainly to prevent a variety of diseases and aphids, spider mites, pear hibiscus and so on.
The fourth is to spray higher concentrations of fungicides and insecticides before defoliation after fruit removal to eliminate overwintering pests and reduce the second year’s damage.
The fruit trees should be promptly remedied after the occurrence of phytotoxicity
First, the causes of injury
At present, there are many types of pesticides used in production, and their properties are different. The main causes of drug injury are pesticides, fruit trees, application methods, and environmental conditions.
1. Formulations and characteristics of pharmaceuticals: The physical and chemical properties of pharmaceuticals have the greatest relationship with fruit trees. Under normal circumstances, inorganic agents with high water solubility and low molecular weight are most likely to produce phytotoxicity, such as copper and sulfur. Water-soluble agents are relatively safe and microbial agents are safe for fruit trees. Different formulations of pesticides have different levels of harm caused by pesticides. Oil agents and emulsifiers are more likely to produce phytotoxicity, followed by WP, and milk powder and granules are relatively safe.
2. Sensitivity of fruit trees to pesticides: Fruit trees such as peaches, apricots, and plums are sensitive to Bordeaux fluids during the growing season. No matter what proportion is used, it can easily produce phytotoxicity. When Bordeaux's liquid heavy lime content is less than twice the amount, pears, apples (especially golden crown varieties), hawthorn, and persimmon trees are susceptible to phytotoxicity. When Bordeaux's liquid heavy lime content is higher than that of the equal amount formula, grapes are liable to produce phytotoxicity. When using 45% dexamethasone, pears and apple trees are susceptible to phytotoxicity when the liquid dilution is less than 1000 times. Among them, pear varieties suffered from severe fruit damage, followed by snowflake pears; apple varieties such as Golden Delicious and Jonah were heavier, and Fuji, Qinguan and U.S. 8 were lighter.
3. The application methods of pharmaceuticals: the drug concentration is too high, the drug dissolves poorly, the mixing is unreasonable, the spraying period is improper, etc., all are prone to phytotoxicity. Due to pest and disease resistance, the use of drugs at higher and higher concentrations, or misconcentrations that are too high, can also lead to phytotoxicity. If the spray droplets are too large and the dusting is not uniform, it will cause local phytotoxicity. Some pesticides can not be mixed, and they will not only fail after mixing, but also produce phytotoxicity.
4. Environmental conditions: The environmental conditions are most affected by temperature, humidity, and light. High temperature and strong light are prone to phytotoxicity, because the high temperature can enhance the chemical activity and metabolism of the drug, which is conducive to invade the plant tissue and cause injury. When the humidity is too high, the application of some agents is also easy to produce phytotoxicity. Spraying herbicides in windy weather is prone to “driftingâ€.
Second, the symptoms of drug injury
According to the speed of the occurrence of the injury and the apparent degree of symptoms, it is generally 3 kinds of acute injury, chronic injury and residual injury.
1. Acute phytotoxicity: It means that the symptoms of phytotoxicity occur soon after the application (in hours or days). It is characterized by rapid onset, obvious symptoms and visible to the naked eye. The general performance is the appearance of spots on the blade, burning, perforation or chlorosis, yellowing, malformation, thickening, rolling leaves and even withering, detachment and other symptoms; fruit on the spots, deformities, smaller, falling fruit and other symptoms; flowers show scorch, Flowering, discoloration, rot, buds and other symptoms; plant growth retardation, dwarfing, or even plant death.
2. Chronic phytotoxicity: refers to the injury that does not occur soon after treatment. Its characteristics are slow, some symptoms are not obvious, it is not easy to judge in a short time. More often than not, they exhibit slow growth, poor growth, delayed flowering, increased fruit drop, reduced yield, and deteriorated quality.
3. Residual phytotoxicity: When the fruit trees are sprayed, more than half of the pesticides are on the ground, and the pesticides are mostly left in the soil when the soil is sprayed with poisonous soil or soil. Some of these pesticides are decomposed slowly and accumulate to a certain degree in the soil, which will affect the growth of fruit trees. The symptoms are similar to chronic phytotoxicity.
Third, remedial measures
The occurrence of phytotoxicity due to improper use of pesticides should be based on the specific cause of the phytotoxicity and the degree of harm, and actively take remedial measures to minimize the extent of phytotoxicity.
1. Water spraying: If it is found early, spray the water immediately to wash the affected plants to dilute and wash off the pesticides adhering to the foliage and branches, and reduce the pesticide content in the tree. The earlier and more timely the measure, the better the effect.
2. Spraying and neutralization: If the leaves are bleached by phytotoxicity, use 50% granular sodium humate as a 3000 times liquid to spray the leaves; or use the same method to mix 50% sodium humate into 5,000 times liquid for irrigation. After 3 to 5 days, the leaves will gradually turn green. If misuse or excessive use of organic phosphorus, pyrethroids, amino methyl esters and other pesticides cause harm, spray 0.5% to 1% of lime water, detergent powder, soapy water, etc., especially spraying ammonium bicarbonate and other alkalis Fertilizer solution is better, not only has detoxification effect, but also can play the role of top dressing, promote growth and development.
3. Timely top-dressing: After the fruit trees are damaged by phytotoxicity, their growth will be blocked and their growth will be weakened. Therefore, fertilizers must be top-dressed in a timely manner to promote the restoration of the growing fruit trees as soon as possible.
4. Loose tillage: After victimization of the fruit trees, timely cultivating loose soil in the garden and artificially cultivating the roots, adding appropriate phosphorus and potassium fertilizers to improve the permeability of the soil, promote root development, and enhance the fruit's own recovery. ability.
5. Appropriate pruning: After the fruit trees have been damaged by phytotoxicity, pruning should be carried out in an appropriate amount in time, and the dead branches should be cut off, the dead leaves should be removed to prevent the dead parts from spreading or being infected by pathogens to cause diseases.
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