Fertilizer deep application technology

The deep chemical fertilizer application technology applies quantitative and uniform chemical fertilizers to the root-dense parts of the crops below the surface of the earth so as to ensure that they are fully absorbed by the crops, and at the same time significantly reduce the volatilization and loss of the active ingredients of the fertilizers, so as to make full use of fertilizer efficiency and increase fertilizer production. The purpose.

The application of deep application of chemical fertilizers to agricultural production on a large area is difficult to achieve by traditional means. It is possible to rely on specialized operating machinery to achieve deep chemical fertilizer application.

I. Advantages of chemical fertilizer deep mechanization

(1) Improve fertilizer utilization. Deep application of chemical fertilizers can reduce the loss and waste of chemical fertilizers. According to the isotope tracking test of the Soil Fertility Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, ammonium bicarbonate and urea can be utilized in the soil layer 6 to 10 cm below the ground surface, and the nitrogen application efficiency on the specific surface can be improved. From 27% and 37% to 58% and 50%, respectively, deep application of its relative utilization rate increased by 115% and 35%. After extensive application of chemical fertilizer deep mechanization technology, the average nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate can be increased from 30% to 40%. Phosphorus, potassium and other fertilizers and seeds can also reduce the loss of wind erosion, promote crop absorption and extend fertilizer efficiency, and increase fertilizer utilization.

(2) Increase crop yields. Deep application of chemical fertilizers can promote root development, enhance crop absorption of nutrients, moisture, and drought resistance, which is conducive to plant growth and thus increase crop yields. The results of comparative tests show that under the same conditions, wheat and corn applied deeper than the surface can increase production by 225 to 675 kg/hm2, cotton (lint) can increase production by 75 to 120 kg/hm2, soybeans can increase yield by 225 to 375 kg/hm2, and increase yield. The average amplitude is between 5% and 15%.

(3) Mechanical operations can ensure the isolation of species and fertilizers, and avoid burning seed. When fertilizers are mixed in the same bed, chemical fertilizers are in direct contact with the seeds, which can easily invade the seed and seedling roots and cause burning and sprouting. The mechanical deep application of fertilizer can be applied to the seed 3 to 6 cm, seed side 4 to 5 cm, so that there is a 3 cm soil isolation layer between the seed and the fertilizer, to avoid the occurrence of seed burning, which is conducive to keeping seedlings and increasing yield.

(4) Mechanical fertilization has high work efficiency, low labor intensity, and obvious savings. Machine-introduced chemical fertilizers and deep production facilities have an hourly productivity of 0.33 to 0.67 hm2 or more. The efficiency is 10 to 20 times higher than that of manual operations. The efficiency of deep human and animal husbandry fertilizing equipment can also be improved 3 to 5 times than that of manual operations, greatly reducing labor. Strength, saving labor and labor, reducing operating costs.

In addition, extensive application of chemical fertilizer deep mechanization technology can also effectively reduce the environmental pollution of chemical fertilizers.

In summary, the deep mechanization of chemical fertilizers has significant cost-saving and efficiency-enhancing benefits, and is a key technology for agricultural mechanization that we vigorously promote.

Second, the implementation of chemical fertilizer deep application of technical points

l. Basic fertilizer application

Deep application of base fertilizer should be combined with soil ploughing operations. At present, there are two methods for deep application of base fertilizers. One is to fertilize the soil after spreading fertilizer first, and the other is to apply chemical fertilizer to furrows while plowing, and use the second method as well.

(1) The first method of spreading fertilizer and then plowing should be as short as possible to expedite the exposure of chemical fertilizers to the earth's surface. This is especially true for fertilizers such as ammonium bicarbonate that are volatile in the air. Into the soil, this fertilization method can be installed in the plow before the manure device, you can also use a dedicated manure spreader, fertilizer bandwidth is basically the same with the ploughing range behind.

The operation of ploughing after spreading fertilizer first requires that the chemical fertilizer be applied evenly and the application amount be in line with the agronomic requirements of crop cultivation. After culturing, the chemical fertilizer is buried in the soil to a depth of more than 6cm, and there is no visible particles on the surface.

(2) The method of fertilizing by edge ploughing can basically achieve the synchronization of ploughing and fertilization, avoiding the volatilization loss caused by chemical fertilizers in the open air. Generally, the existing ploughing ploughs can be reconstructed, and the row fertilizer device can be added. Installed behind the ploughshare, the ploughshare is used to apply the chemical fertilizer to the surface of the rake or to the bottom of the furrow (according to local agronomic requirements for the depth of the base fertilizer). Then the ploughshare is turned over and covered to achieve deep fertilization. Many localities call it this method. Fertilize the furrows.

The requirements for applying the base fertilizer to the side ploughing are: the fertilization depth is greater than 6cm, the width of the fertilizer zone is 3 to 5cm, the row fertilizer is uniform and continuous, and there is no obvious broken bar. The fertilization amount meets the agronomic requirements for crop cultivation.

2. Fertilizer application

The seed fertilizer must be applied deep at the same time as the seeding, which can be accomplished by installing the fertilizer tank and the row fertilizer device on the seeder. The requirements for implements are not only able to strictly assure agronomic, seeding, seeding, depth, spacing, row spacing, etc., but also can form a soil isolation layer with a certain thickness (generally above 3cm) between seed and fertilizer. To meet the needs of nutrients in the growth of seedlings at the seedling stage, and to avoid the phenomenon of burning seeds and burning seedlings in mixed fertilizers. The application of this technology has a high requirement for the treatment of soil in the field, and it should ensure the consistent cultivation of the soil, no ploughing, no soil tillage, and flat soil and soil.

According to the position of fertilization and seed, there are two forms of lateral deep and positive deepening (commonly known as fertilizer, species stratification). The technical requirements are as follows:

(1) Lateral deep seed fertilizer: The fertilizer is applied to the lateral side of the seed, and the wheat seed fertilizer is generally 2.5 to 4 cm on the side and the bottom of the seed. The application depth of the corn seed fertilizer is generally 5.5 cm, and the width of the fertilizer tape is more than 3 cm. The strips were even and continuous, with no obvious broken strips and missing taps.

(2) Deep fertilizer applied in the right position: The seed fertilizer is applied directly below the seed bed, and the soil isolation layer between the fertilizer layer and the seed is more than 3 cm, and the seed and fertilizer are required to be uniform in depth and depth, the strip is even and continuous, and the width of the fertilizer strip is slightly larger than Width of sowing.

It should be noted that when applying the fertilizer once into the soil at the same time as sowing, it is necessary to determine the distance between the seed and the fertilizer according to the type of fertilizer and the amount of application, etc.; to prevent seedlings and fertilizers from causing burning and sprouting.

3. Top dressing

According to agronomic requirements of fertilizer application rate, depth and location, etc., the top-dressing operation equipment is used to complete top-dressing operations such as ditching, row fertilizer, soil covering and repression, etc., as opposed to manual surface application and manual tool deep reprocessing. Significantly increase the utilization rate and operating efficiency of chemical fertilizers. The top-dressing equipment must have good inter-row passing performance and have no obvious adverse effects on the growth of crops (such as wounding, injury, and lodging). The top dressing depth (based on the intersection of the crop plants with the ground) should be 6 to 10 cm. Topdressing site should be in the crop

Between 10 and 20 cm on both sides of the plant line (depending on the variety of the crop), the width of the fertilizer belt is more than 3 cm, and there is no obvious broken bar, and the coverage is tight after fertilization.

Third, chemical fertilizer deep application requirements for work tools

(I) Machine Performance Requirements

The deep-fertilizer implements should meet agronomic requirements, depth of fertilization (≥6cm), device with adjustable amount of fertilizer, row fertilizer device with high reliability, no broken bar during operation, variation in width of fertilizer band ≤ 1cm, single season Replacement of work or fault repair does not exceed 1 time/piece (piece, group).

(B) Deep Fertilizer Operation Should Meet the Following Requirements

(1) Broken row rate

(2) The evenness of the strip: ammonium bicarbonate is 20% to 30%, and urea and other granular fertilizers are 20% to 25%. Among them, the coefficient of variation of homogeneity of deep applied fertilizer was ≤ 60%; the coefficient of variation of homogeneity of deep sowing fertilizer was ≤ 40%; and the coefficient of variation of uniformity of fertilized deep tillage was ≤ 40%.

(3) The coefficient of variation of the consistency of the displacement should be ≤13%.

(4) The soil coverage rate of chemical fertilizers should reach 100%, and the seed fertilizer and top dressing operations should be ensured to be compacted and compacted.

(5) The accuracy rate of fertilizer application is ≥70%.

(6) Injury rate of fertilization in cultivator

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