Causes of Coccidiosis in Five Black Chickens and Green Shell Eggs
First, the cause of chicken coccidiosis
(1) Management factors mainly include the following aspects: light, temperature, humidity, litter, density, environment, and feeding methods.
1. Temperature and humidity. When the chicken house temperature is lower than 20°C in winter, or when it is very dry, the occurrence of chicken coccidiosis is also reduced due to poor sporulation; in the high temperature and high humidity seasons of chicken coccidiosis High, especially before and after the rainy season with high humidity in the south, during this period, we often find coccidiosis attacks repeatedly due to the damp litter.
2. Health and epidemic prevention. Practice has proved that some large-scale chicken farms have relatively little or no loss due to coccidiosis due to efforts such as sanitation and disinfection, and reasonable prevention of epidemics, while in small-scale chicken farms and specialized chicken farms, due to poor chicken farm conditions, technical strength is weak. Insufficient attention to coccidiosis is prone to outbreaks of coccidiosis.
3. Experiments show that intermittent light exposure is more dangerous than continuous light infection of coccidia, because the former will cause chickens to actively flip litter and increase the chance of infection, while improving the oocyst sporulation conditions.
4. The management of litter has important significance in the control of coccidiosis. The management of litter can not be ignored. The general requirements are: loose, dry and thin.
5. High density feeding is a bad pathogenic factor. When the density is too high, the air in the house is poor and the incidence of coccidiosis is high. High-density flocks increase the density of oocysts and increase the chance of infection.
6. Different feeding methods can cause significant differences in coccidiosis infection. For chickens raised online, the chance of contracting coccidiosis is extremely low. This is mainly due to the fact that chickens raised online are not easily accessible to ground infections.
(II) Feed factors Various anti-nutritional factors in the feed, such as tannic acid, phytic acid, gossypol and antitrypsin, are easily combined with the intestinal mucosa, resulting in damage to the intestinal wall and imbalance of electrolyte balance in the feed. Increased excretion of fecal humidity, increase the incidence of coccidiosis; lack of vitamin A and vitamin K in the feed, so that the digestive tract mucosa and blood coagulation mechanism is damaged, vulnerable to coccidiosis attacks; restrictions on feeding, chicken As hunger, foraging litter, increase the chance of infection, but also increase the incidence. High-quality full-priced feed can improve the body's resistance to coccidiosis, and protein, vitamins, inorganic salts and other feed components are important in the control of coccidiosis. Feeding coarse sand, pelleted feed and crude fiber feed will also reduce the ball. Insect incidence; In addition feed anti-nutritional factors can also lead to malabsorption of the intestinal wall due to increased mat moisture.
(c) stress factors in the production of chicken coccidiosis often occurs a few days after the stress response. These stress reactions include malnutrition, changes in habits, transportation, and climate change. Severe stress reactions, in addition to favoring the onset of coccidiosis, can also contribute to the deterioration of coccidiosis. If chickens are infected with MD, their organisms will be immune to coccidiosis and cause coccidiosis; chickens infected with IBD virus will intensify the symptoms of coccidiosis, can cause cecal hemorrhage in advance, increase mortality, aflatoxin The presence of coccidiosis increases mortality by 40%.
(IV) Differences in the host's breed, age, and sex differ significantly in their resistance to coccidiosis. In general, young chicks are more susceptible to coccidiosis; male chicks are more susceptible to coccidiosis than female chicks; white chickens are less resistant than brown chickens; the more pure the strain is, the more susceptible it is to coccidia. The stronger sex.
(5) Drug resistance Due to the long-term use of anticoccidial drugs and improper use, coccidia is very resistant to some drugs. Any kind of anticoccidial medicine will cause drug resistance of the coccidium or even the formation of drug-resistant strains after a certain period of use, and cross-resistance to other drugs of the same kind or the same mechanism of action. Therefore, reasonable choices can be made. Medication methods and the formulation of the correct drug regimen can maximize the lifespan of anticoccidial drugs.
(6) The type and number of coccidiosis strains and their parasite strains differ in their pathogenicity. The number of infections does not reach a certain level, and individuals do not exhibit coccidiosis. For mesogenic strains, When the number of infections is too large, the number of new oocysts produced is reduced accordingly. This is called the "squeeze effect." Different insect strains have their specific parasitic parts. If the parasitic parts change, their pathogenicity will decrease or even disappear.
(VII) Relationship with other pathogens Tissue damage and changes in intestinal function can cause the invasion and reproduction of various harmful bacteria. There is interaction between E. coli and coccidia in chickens. If chickens are infected with Marek's disease virus, the immunity to coccidiosis can be easily caused by coccidiosis; Infectious bursal disease can exacerbate coccidiosis, and coccidiosis can greatly exacerbate infectious faecal disease. The harm of cystic disease; when coccidiosis and reovirus are present at the same time, the incidence of ankle joint disease in chickens is much higher than when reoviruses occur alone; when both coccidiosis and aflatoxin are present, the mortality rate can be Up to 60%. Studies have shown that coccidia has a synergistic effect with other intestinal bacteria, intestinal bacteria can play a role in enhancing the coccidiosis; Coccidial infection can increase the body's susceptibility to ND, MD, IBD.
Second, the prevention and treatment of chicken coccidiosis
(I) Doing a good job in the health of poultry houses and cutting off the coccidiosis transmission and outbreak of coccidiosis is closely related to the external environment, and temperature and humidity are the primary factors in environmental factors. In the natural state, coccidiosis is generally prevalent in the warm and humid seasons from April to September in northern China, and is most severe in July and August. However, as most of the chicken farms currently implement intensive production, the level of human control of the environment is getting higher and higher, and the seasonal epidemic of coccidiosis is no longer evident. In warm and humid brooders, there are morbidities throughout the year. may. The cool, damp, unsanitary conditions and poor feeding and management in the broiler house are the main precipitating factors causing the epidemic of coccidiosis. Such as warm, moist environment is conducive to the development of oocysts, and ventilation, drying and appropriate housing density, timely removal of feces, regular disinfection, etc., can effectively prevent the occurrence of the disease.
1. Do a good job in chicken house hygiene, keep the ground clean, poultry house (cage) clean and dry, chicken manure should be promptly removed, and fermented. Adhere to regular and regular disinfection work.
2. Strictly eliminate diseased chicks. Bring chicks or eggs from reliable poultry farms. Rehabilitation chickens are isolated from healthy chickens.
3. The feed must ensure full price nutrition and keep the feed fresh and hygienic. Appropriate to add a variety of vitamins, especially vitamin A, to increase the body resistance.
(B) the rational use of drugs to prevent the high age of coccidiosis, the use of sensitive anti-coccidial drugs is one of the important means of preventing the disease. Most of the currently used anticoccidial drugs are in the early stages of the development of the coccidiosis. When bloody stools appear, coccidiosis basically completes asexual reproduction and begins to enter the sexual reproduction stage. At this time, medication is used to protect only There are obvious symptoms or uninfected chickens, and it is difficult for affected chickens with severe symptoms to receive results. Therefore, in the case of susceptible age (after 2 weeks) or epidemic season, medication should be administered in feed or drinking water for prevention.
Many types of anticoccidial drugs, such as polyether ionophore antibiotics: monensin, salinomycin, Maduramycin, etc.; chemical synthesis of anticoccidial drugs such as sulfonamides, plant alkaloids and so on.
Patients with a history of coccidiosis and coccidiosis may choose to take medication according to local conditions. When taking medication, pay attention to dosage and treatment course, scientific and reasonable prevention and treatment medication.
(III) Proper Use of Vaccine Prevention In order to completely solve the increasingly serious drug resistance and drug residue problems caused by drug control, people gradually found ways to use vaccines to prevent chicken coccidiosis. At present, there are four types of coccidia live vaccines that are used for planned immunization on chicken farms: early maturing, medium maturing, and late maturing, and early, middle, late maturing and coccidia seedlings. The Einerivac cocci vaccine, launched by China Agricultural University, is a combination of early, middle and late-maturing coccidia vaccines that are safe, efficient, and inexpensive.
The method of immunization of live coccidia seedlings is currently provided with drops, sprays, drinking water, and sprays. The drip method is the best and can ensure 100% immunity, but it is inconvenient and stressful for big chicken farms. The spray method is more suitable for the advanced hatchery in the equipment, and the drinking method and the spray method are more suitable immunization methods for the big chicken farm. Practice has shown that the use of coccidiosis vaccine to prevent chicken immunization will be a very promising method, will bring significant economic and ecological benefits for the development of the chicken industry.
(IV) The use of drugs and vaccines for Chinese herbal repellent health care agents The resulting resistance and drug residue problems have not been fundamentally resolved. Chinese herbal repellent health care agents, coccidia vaccines, and control of coccidiosis from a nutritional point of view have brought new dawns to the prevention and control of chicken coccidiosis.
Chinese herbal repellent health care agents and Chinese herbal medicines as insect repellent health care agents generally have very small toxic side effects and residues. It can adjust chicken's ability to resist coccidia, enhance disease resistance, promote growth and development, and it will not produce drug resistance, so it is a promising insecticide health care agent.
(5) Dietary control and control of chicken coccidiosis Control of coccidiosis through the adjustment of dietary nutrients and use of biological enzymes to control coccidiosis is a new method for the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis, and has broad prospects for development.
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