Selection of pest control equipment for protected areas
Selection of pest control equipment for protected areas (I) Types and characteristics of protected areas Protected areas in China mainly refer to greenhouses and plastic sheds. It is mainly used to control the growth environment and conditions of light, temperature, and humidity of cultivated crops, so as to reduce its impact on the seasons and climate and achieve the goal of prolific production for many years.
There are several types of protected areas in our country:
(1) All-optical greenhouse This type of equipment is advanced, which can automatically adjust the temperature and humidity, and is a large-scale multi-storey type, mostly imported from abroad, mainly in the suburbs of Beijing, Shanghai, Daqing and other cities.
(2) The glass greenhouse is made of glass as a light-transmitting material and has heating facilities. There are many cold regions in northern China.
(3) Plastic greenhouses use transparent and colorless plastics as light-transmitting materials. They have heating facilities and are used in all regions of the country. They are cheaper than glass greenhouses.
(4) The plastic shed light-transmissive material is a plastic film. Simple structure, can be built according to local conditions, the cheapest construction cost. For a wide range of rural areas, practically used for production of protected land.
At present, crops cultivated in protected areas in China are mainly vegetables, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, green peppers, celery, green beans, green vegetables and broccoli. They are also used for planting strawberries and flowers. Protected crops have more pests and diseases than open-air cultivated crops. The main reason is that the lack of light, crop resistance to diseases and insect pests decreased; indoor or shed within the enclosed environment, high temperature and humidity, coupled with reduced natural enemies, prone to diseases and insect pests, usually more diseases than insect pests.
Prevention and control of pests and diseases in protected areas are still dominated by chemical control. According to the hazards and characteristics of pests on crops, the correct choice of pesticides and pesticide application methods, select the appropriate equipment.
(B) Method of applying pesticides in the protected area and the equipment used
1. The spray method is to apply a conventional spray method to protect the ground. In large greenhouses, it is possible to use a motorized sprayer, such as a stretcher sprayer, to connect long spray hoses and booms, sprayers, and spray them manually. You can also use a spray duster for spraying operations. In short dwellings, only human-operated sprays such as knapsack sprayers, compression sprayers, pedal sprayers, etc. can be used. This is less efficient and people are tired.
The advantage of the spray method is that farmers are familiar with this method, and some are ready-to-use medical instruments. Disadvantages are the large amount of water, labor, low efficiency, serious loss of chemicals, and the sudden increase in the humidity inside the greenhouse. While preventing and controlling pests and diseases, it also breeds the conditions for inducing pests and diseases, and increases the frequency of application. Operators spray pesticides in confined spaces and are highly susceptible to pesticide contamination. Especially spraying in low greenhouses is more vulnerable than spraying in open areas. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to its own protection and to limit the operation time in the application of pesticides in protected areas, and to generate research methods for operators not to enter the greenhouse for spraying and corresponding equipment.
2. Hot smog method The volume of mist droplets is less than or equal to 50 microns. The mist stream is called smoke. The method of spraying smoke by partial or complete heat generation is called the hot smog method. The application of the hot smog method covers a wide range, such as forest pests, fruit trees, rubber gardens, economic forests, and agricultural pest control and environmental disinfection. Since the emergence of protected areas such as greenhouses and greenhouses, this method has also been adopted for pest control.
The main methods of generating heat fumes are:
(1) Fumigation The pesticide is heated so that the active ingredient is diffused into the air by heat. The heating methods are:
1 Self-ignition: Add fuel and heat-generating agent to the pesticide and heat the pesticide 500-600°C to form smoke. Smoke tablets are sold on the market and can be lighted without tools.
2 Heated type: Use other heat sources (such as firepower) to heat the pesticide to 300-600°C to form smoke.
(2) The hot smoke spray method utilizes the high-temperature and high-speed exhaust gas discharged from the pulsed small-jet engine exhaust pipe to cause the liquid thermal cracking to be smoke-like. The exhaust temperature of the machine reaches 800-1000°C, and the atomization particle size is generally in the range of 5-20 μm. Some also use a diffusing agent to aid atomization. When in use, the thermal fogger is sprayed inwards at the entrance of the greenhouse, and the smoke particles can settle and adhere in about 2 hours.
China has successively developed and produced more types of pulsed smoke machines. In the 1950s, the Shanghai Agricultural Medical Machinery Factory had developed and manufactured a portable Dongfeng-5 type fog machine. Later, the Zhejiang Yunhe County Agricultural Machinery Factory and related units improved it into a 3Y-10 Knapsack sprayer on the basis of the aircraft. The 3Y-14 fog machine was also developed.
In the near future, the 3YD-8 and 3YD-8A backpack-mounted shoulder smoke sprayers jointly developed by the Nanjing Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Yunnan Jinma Machinery Plant have a droplet size of less than 10 microns. The former nozzles are long and straight and can be preferred for rubber gardens; the latter can be used for general control. Nanjing Forestry University and Nantong Hai'an Guangda Group Guangyi Co. jointly developed a 6HY-25 type shoulder-mounted smoke sprayer. Shaoxing Xinglin Smoke Machine Factory in Zhejiang also produces 3Y series smoke machines (3Y-8, 3Y-15, 3Y-35). Although these smokes are mainly designed for the prevention and control of forest pests and are used in forestry, they can also be used in fields, fruit trees, environmental sanitation and protected areas.
The advantage of using the heat hood method in the protected area is high production efficiency, especially when the crop is growing densely, the spraying method is inconvenient to operate, and the hot smog method can effectively exert the efficacy in a confined space, and save time and labor. Since no water is used when the smoke is sprayed, the humidity in the greenhouse is not increased, and the pollution to the crop is also low. When the fumes are emitted, the operator is outdoors and will not be contaminated by chemicals. The effect of hot smoke spraying in the evening is better than other times.
However, the hot smog method also has its drawbacks: The method of fumigation for heating pesticides takes a long time, and the active ingredients of pesticides are easily decomposed by heat. Therefore, only pesticides that do not decompose under heat can be used, which has limitations in application. The use cost of smoke agent is higher than that of commonly used formulations. Due to the short contact time between the high-temperature exhaust gas and the pesticide, the thermal fogger has little decomposition of the pesticide, but the investment cost of the equipment is high. The engine is very noisy at work. There is also the requirement that the shelter be closed during the spraying of smoke on the protection site to prevent the escape of smoke clouds. When the damage occurs in the shed, repair it promptly. Otherwise, smoke will escape into the atmosphere, which will affect the control effect. In turn, it will increase the amount of smoke agent and increase the use cost.
3. Dust method Dust method is a kind of new pesticide application technology used for the protection of land in the late 1980s. It utilizes the floating (flying effect) and collision (Brown motion) of pesticide dust in the shelter space, so that the particles can perform all-around movement in the air and can spread well in the canopy layer. Penetrates deeper into the more hidden parts, resulting in a more uniform sediment distribution in all parts of the crop.
Powders used in the dust method require that the particle size of the active ingredient be less than 10 microns, and that a dispersant be incorporated in the powder and blown and sprayed with a stream of air with a certain intensity. This powder is easy to form floating dust, floats in the air and diffuses for a long period of time and gradually settles, and is not easy to flocculate (adhere to each other or even clumps into groups). Can use the domestic harvest -5, Harvest -10 hand duster and other applications. When the handle rotates at a speed of not less than 35 rpm, the powder is sprayed directly from the straight nozzle, allowing the dust to disperse better. Of course, using a spray duster is better and more efficient.
Dusting spray is used when dusting to reduce the dust pollution to operators. After the receding side, the straight nozzle is swung right and left, and when the plant is tall, the spray pipe swings up and down.
The spraying time is preferably in the evening or in the morning, and the shed can be uncovered within 2 hours after spraying. If it is sprayed in the evening, uncover the shed the next morning. Do not spray dust at noon on sunny days, as the deposition rate of dust on the plants is low when sunlight is strong. Cloudy days can be sprayed without limit.
In the field dusting due to its large loss of drift, and pollution of the atmosphere and the environment, this method has gradually been eliminated in recent years, but in the special enclosed environment of the studio, its shortcomings but turned into advantages and fully displayed. In addition, it is desirable that the levitation effect of the granular powder and the Brownian motion characteristics be as strong as possible within the protected area. If the particle's drifting time can be maintained for more than 20 minutes, its diffusion distribution and deposition conditions are good. The dust method has the characteristics of high efficiency of the hot smog method, but there is no problem of the thermal decomposition of the medicament; because it is on the crop The deposition rate is higher than that of similar drug sprays, and it saves labor, medicine, and water. The method of application is simple, does not increase the humidity in the greenhouse, and has a significant yield increase effect. It is well received by vegetable farmers. In the case of damaged and poorly closed greenhouses, dust can also stay in the greenhouse. Therefore, the dust method is a kind of economical, efficient, safe and ideal pesticide use technology and worthy of further testing and promotion.
4. The cold smoke method The use of pneumatic or mechanical methods to produce smoke at room temperature and to spray it is called room temperature smog method, also known as cold smog method.
In order to solve the problem of controlling crop pests and diseases with the conventional spraying method or the hot smog method in the protected area, and in order to achieve unmanned operation at the time of operation, Japan first developed this new technology in 1975. The smoke generating method using the cold smoke method is called a normal temperature smoke machine.
The nozzle of a normal-temperature smoke machine is in the form of a vortex chamber. The air compressor on the machine feeds the compressed air from the tangent of the nozzle to the vortex chamber. It rotates in the chamber while rotating at high speed in the axial direction. A vacuum is formed at the front end of the vortex chamber to inhale the liquid, and the two are mixed and discharged at high speed. The nozzles form the atomization; the airflow discharged by the axial fan on the machine blows the initially formed droplets to re-atomize them into finer droplets, and some models also use ultrasonic waves to assist the atomization. The droplet size of a normal-temperature fogger is generally not more than 30 microns, and some are not more than 10 microns. Some models can start and stop by themselves, and control the operation time, as well as delay the air supply. When working, the equipment is placed in the warm room, and the nozzle blows into the room. The smoke emitted was diffused into the entire greenhouse. After 2-3 hours, the smoke particles basically sank down and adhered to the crop. Usually sprayed at dusk or evening, does not affect the field operations during the day. After the spray, close the greenhouse and close it until the next morning. The method is characterized by spraying without heat, and the pesticide used does not generate thermal decomposition. Formulations such as emulsions, liquids, and wettable powders can be used. When water is sprayed, the amount of water is small, which does not significantly increase the humidity in the greenhouse, and thus does not induce pests and diseases. During operation, the operator does not enter the greenhouse, is safe, and has high work efficiency and good control effect. The short-lived period of normal-temperature smoke is just right for vegetable production. The disadvantage is the high price of the machine.
In recent years, Japan, Germany and other advanced countries have developed more normal-temperature smoke machine products and are widely used in the greenhouse. In 1989, the Nanjing Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture of China successfully developed 3CY-5F (basic type) and 3CY-2.5 (light) type normal-temperature foggers (with a droplet diameter no larger than 35 microns), which were produced by the Hefei Agricultural Machinery Repair Factory. China Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute and Suzhou Agricultural Medical Machinery Factory have also successfully developed the 3YL2 type normal-temperature smoke machine. At present, the Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization is also developing a new round of normal temperature fog machine. The cold smog law will also be gradually applied in our country's protected areas.
There are several types of protected areas in our country:
(1) All-optical greenhouse This type of equipment is advanced, which can automatically adjust the temperature and humidity, and is a large-scale multi-storey type, mostly imported from abroad, mainly in the suburbs of Beijing, Shanghai, Daqing and other cities.
(2) The glass greenhouse is made of glass as a light-transmitting material and has heating facilities. There are many cold regions in northern China.
(3) Plastic greenhouses use transparent and colorless plastics as light-transmitting materials. They have heating facilities and are used in all regions of the country. They are cheaper than glass greenhouses.
(4) The plastic shed light-transmissive material is a plastic film. Simple structure, can be built according to local conditions, the cheapest construction cost. For a wide range of rural areas, practically used for production of protected land.
At present, crops cultivated in protected areas in China are mainly vegetables, such as cucumbers, tomatoes, green peppers, celery, green beans, green vegetables and broccoli. They are also used for planting strawberries and flowers. Protected crops have more pests and diseases than open-air cultivated crops. The main reason is that the lack of light, crop resistance to diseases and insect pests decreased; indoor or shed within the enclosed environment, high temperature and humidity, coupled with reduced natural enemies, prone to diseases and insect pests, usually more diseases than insect pests.
Prevention and control of pests and diseases in protected areas are still dominated by chemical control. According to the hazards and characteristics of pests on crops, the correct choice of pesticides and pesticide application methods, select the appropriate equipment.
(B) Method of applying pesticides in the protected area and the equipment used
1. The spray method is to apply a conventional spray method to protect the ground. In large greenhouses, it is possible to use a motorized sprayer, such as a stretcher sprayer, to connect long spray hoses and booms, sprayers, and spray them manually. You can also use a spray duster for spraying operations. In short dwellings, only human-operated sprays such as knapsack sprayers, compression sprayers, pedal sprayers, etc. can be used. This is less efficient and people are tired.
The advantage of the spray method is that farmers are familiar with this method, and some are ready-to-use medical instruments. Disadvantages are the large amount of water, labor, low efficiency, serious loss of chemicals, and the sudden increase in the humidity inside the greenhouse. While preventing and controlling pests and diseases, it also breeds the conditions for inducing pests and diseases, and increases the frequency of application. Operators spray pesticides in confined spaces and are highly susceptible to pesticide contamination. Especially spraying in low greenhouses is more vulnerable than spraying in open areas. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to its own protection and to limit the operation time in the application of pesticides in protected areas, and to generate research methods for operators not to enter the greenhouse for spraying and corresponding equipment.
2. Hot smog method The volume of mist droplets is less than or equal to 50 microns. The mist stream is called smoke. The method of spraying smoke by partial or complete heat generation is called the hot smog method. The application of the hot smog method covers a wide range, such as forest pests, fruit trees, rubber gardens, economic forests, and agricultural pest control and environmental disinfection. Since the emergence of protected areas such as greenhouses and greenhouses, this method has also been adopted for pest control.
The main methods of generating heat fumes are:
(1) Fumigation The pesticide is heated so that the active ingredient is diffused into the air by heat. The heating methods are:
1 Self-ignition: Add fuel and heat-generating agent to the pesticide and heat the pesticide 500-600°C to form smoke. Smoke tablets are sold on the market and can be lighted without tools.
2 Heated type: Use other heat sources (such as firepower) to heat the pesticide to 300-600°C to form smoke.
(2) The hot smoke spray method utilizes the high-temperature and high-speed exhaust gas discharged from the pulsed small-jet engine exhaust pipe to cause the liquid thermal cracking to be smoke-like. The exhaust temperature of the machine reaches 800-1000°C, and the atomization particle size is generally in the range of 5-20 μm. Some also use a diffusing agent to aid atomization. When in use, the thermal fogger is sprayed inwards at the entrance of the greenhouse, and the smoke particles can settle and adhere in about 2 hours.
China has successively developed and produced more types of pulsed smoke machines. In the 1950s, the Shanghai Agricultural Medical Machinery Factory had developed and manufactured a portable Dongfeng-5 type fog machine. Later, the Zhejiang Yunhe County Agricultural Machinery Factory and related units improved it into a 3Y-10 Knapsack sprayer on the basis of the aircraft. The 3Y-14 fog machine was also developed.
In the near future, the 3YD-8 and 3YD-8A backpack-mounted shoulder smoke sprayers jointly developed by the Nanjing Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Yunnan Jinma Machinery Plant have a droplet size of less than 10 microns. The former nozzles are long and straight and can be preferred for rubber gardens; the latter can be used for general control. Nanjing Forestry University and Nantong Hai'an Guangda Group Guangyi Co. jointly developed a 6HY-25 type shoulder-mounted smoke sprayer. Shaoxing Xinglin Smoke Machine Factory in Zhejiang also produces 3Y series smoke machines (3Y-8, 3Y-15, 3Y-35). Although these smokes are mainly designed for the prevention and control of forest pests and are used in forestry, they can also be used in fields, fruit trees, environmental sanitation and protected areas.
The advantage of using the heat hood method in the protected area is high production efficiency, especially when the crop is growing densely, the spraying method is inconvenient to operate, and the hot smog method can effectively exert the efficacy in a confined space, and save time and labor. Since no water is used when the smoke is sprayed, the humidity in the greenhouse is not increased, and the pollution to the crop is also low. When the fumes are emitted, the operator is outdoors and will not be contaminated by chemicals. The effect of hot smoke spraying in the evening is better than other times.
However, the hot smog method also has its drawbacks: The method of fumigation for heating pesticides takes a long time, and the active ingredients of pesticides are easily decomposed by heat. Therefore, only pesticides that do not decompose under heat can be used, which has limitations in application. The use cost of smoke agent is higher than that of commonly used formulations. Due to the short contact time between the high-temperature exhaust gas and the pesticide, the thermal fogger has little decomposition of the pesticide, but the investment cost of the equipment is high. The engine is very noisy at work. There is also the requirement that the shelter be closed during the spraying of smoke on the protection site to prevent the escape of smoke clouds. When the damage occurs in the shed, repair it promptly. Otherwise, smoke will escape into the atmosphere, which will affect the control effect. In turn, it will increase the amount of smoke agent and increase the use cost.
3. Dust method Dust method is a kind of new pesticide application technology used for the protection of land in the late 1980s. It utilizes the floating (flying effect) and collision (Brown motion) of pesticide dust in the shelter space, so that the particles can perform all-around movement in the air and can spread well in the canopy layer. Penetrates deeper into the more hidden parts, resulting in a more uniform sediment distribution in all parts of the crop.
Powders used in the dust method require that the particle size of the active ingredient be less than 10 microns, and that a dispersant be incorporated in the powder and blown and sprayed with a stream of air with a certain intensity. This powder is easy to form floating dust, floats in the air and diffuses for a long period of time and gradually settles, and is not easy to flocculate (adhere to each other or even clumps into groups). Can use the domestic harvest -5, Harvest -10 hand duster and other applications. When the handle rotates at a speed of not less than 35 rpm, the powder is sprayed directly from the straight nozzle, allowing the dust to disperse better. Of course, using a spray duster is better and more efficient.
Dusting spray is used when dusting to reduce the dust pollution to operators. After the receding side, the straight nozzle is swung right and left, and when the plant is tall, the spray pipe swings up and down.
The spraying time is preferably in the evening or in the morning, and the shed can be uncovered within 2 hours after spraying. If it is sprayed in the evening, uncover the shed the next morning. Do not spray dust at noon on sunny days, as the deposition rate of dust on the plants is low when sunlight is strong. Cloudy days can be sprayed without limit.
In the field dusting due to its large loss of drift, and pollution of the atmosphere and the environment, this method has gradually been eliminated in recent years, but in the special enclosed environment of the studio, its shortcomings but turned into advantages and fully displayed. In addition, it is desirable that the levitation effect of the granular powder and the Brownian motion characteristics be as strong as possible within the protected area. If the particle's drifting time can be maintained for more than 20 minutes, its diffusion distribution and deposition conditions are good. The dust method has the characteristics of high efficiency of the hot smog method, but there is no problem of the thermal decomposition of the medicament; because it is on the crop The deposition rate is higher than that of similar drug sprays, and it saves labor, medicine, and water. The method of application is simple, does not increase the humidity in the greenhouse, and has a significant yield increase effect. It is well received by vegetable farmers. In the case of damaged and poorly closed greenhouses, dust can also stay in the greenhouse. Therefore, the dust method is a kind of economical, efficient, safe and ideal pesticide use technology and worthy of further testing and promotion.
4. The cold smoke method The use of pneumatic or mechanical methods to produce smoke at room temperature and to spray it is called room temperature smog method, also known as cold smog method.
In order to solve the problem of controlling crop pests and diseases with the conventional spraying method or the hot smog method in the protected area, and in order to achieve unmanned operation at the time of operation, Japan first developed this new technology in 1975. The smoke generating method using the cold smoke method is called a normal temperature smoke machine.
The nozzle of a normal-temperature smoke machine is in the form of a vortex chamber. The air compressor on the machine feeds the compressed air from the tangent of the nozzle to the vortex chamber. It rotates in the chamber while rotating at high speed in the axial direction. A vacuum is formed at the front end of the vortex chamber to inhale the liquid, and the two are mixed and discharged at high speed. The nozzles form the atomization; the airflow discharged by the axial fan on the machine blows the initially formed droplets to re-atomize them into finer droplets, and some models also use ultrasonic waves to assist the atomization. The droplet size of a normal-temperature fogger is generally not more than 30 microns, and some are not more than 10 microns. Some models can start and stop by themselves, and control the operation time, as well as delay the air supply. When working, the equipment is placed in the warm room, and the nozzle blows into the room. The smoke emitted was diffused into the entire greenhouse. After 2-3 hours, the smoke particles basically sank down and adhered to the crop. Usually sprayed at dusk or evening, does not affect the field operations during the day. After the spray, close the greenhouse and close it until the next morning. The method is characterized by spraying without heat, and the pesticide used does not generate thermal decomposition. Formulations such as emulsions, liquids, and wettable powders can be used. When water is sprayed, the amount of water is small, which does not significantly increase the humidity in the greenhouse, and thus does not induce pests and diseases. During operation, the operator does not enter the greenhouse, is safe, and has high work efficiency and good control effect. The short-lived period of normal-temperature smoke is just right for vegetable production. The disadvantage is the high price of the machine.
In recent years, Japan, Germany and other advanced countries have developed more normal-temperature smoke machine products and are widely used in the greenhouse. In 1989, the Nanjing Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture of China successfully developed 3CY-5F (basic type) and 3CY-2.5 (light) type normal-temperature foggers (with a droplet diameter no larger than 35 microns), which were produced by the Hefei Agricultural Machinery Repair Factory. China Agricultural Mechanization Research Institute and Suzhou Agricultural Medical Machinery Factory have also successfully developed the 3YL2 type normal-temperature smoke machine. At present, the Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization is also developing a new round of normal temperature fog machine. The cold smog law will also be gradually applied in our country's protected areas.
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