Bagging apple black spot disease mechanism and prevention
Apple bagging can significantly reduce pest damage, enhance fruit coloring, improve fruit surface finish and appearance quality, and is one of the important technologies to increase the economic efficiency of apples. Therefore, most apples production areas have adopted this measure over the years and also collected it. Expected results. However, it has been found that fruit surfaces after bagging are prone to black spot disease, which seriously affects the delicate appearance of the apple. Through the experimental research of fruit tree scientists and fruit farmers, the mechanism of black spot disease and its prevention and control methods have been clarified. Symptoms of black spot disease, whether it is bagging or film bag apple will occur, does not generally do not bagging. At the early stage of the disease, small black spots with large needle points appear around the fruit pods, gradually expanding to large sesame seeds and even large mung beans. However, it only occurs on the surface of the skin, does not penetrate deep into the flesh, tastes no bitter taste, does not cause flesh ulcers, does not expand during the late growth period and the storage period, has no effect on the intrinsic quality, but has a great influence on the appearance quality and the selling price. Mechanism of the pathogen The pathogen of black spot disease is Pink Trichothecene, which is a weak parasite in the subphylum of Demiomycetes. It began to occur in late June. The midsummer rainy season from early July to early August was a peak period and was rarely found after late August. Low-lying, poor ventilation and light transmission, canopy closure, frequent rainfall, high temperature and humidity, strong tree vigor, and more nitrogenous orchards have caused more diseases. The reason why bagged fruit is prone to this disease is because the fruit has poor air permeability in the bag, high temperature, high humidity, especially the water in the bag after rain, the paper bag will not dry after being wet, and even stick on the fruit surface and aggravate. Humidity and poor ventilation will aggravate it. No bagged fruit is not affected by these micro-climate environments inside the bag. It has good ventilation and light transmission, and it dissipates heat quickly, so this weak parasite is difficult to infect. Control method 1 spray prevention. From the time of Xiehua to bagging, spray 80% Mancozeb Manganese Zinc Powder 800 times or 40% DuPont Fuxing Milk Emulsion 8000 times every 10 days, and spray 2 or 3 times for sterilization prevention. 2 use high quality fruit bags. The quality of the bag is not only directly related to the bagging effect, but also has a great influence on the severity of the disease. Therefore, the outer paper bag must be made of wood pulp paper made of coniferous tree raw materials, and the paper thickness should be moderate, soft and fine, good air permeability, strong shading, no water seepage, can withstand wind, sun, rain, and glue. Strictly; the inner bag must not fade, the wax is good and evenly waxed, water resistant, and insoluble under high temperature and sunlight. At present, the "Kobayashi" bags made in Japan, the "Kita" bags made in Taiwan, and the "Kaixiang" bags made in China are of the best quality. The film bag is pressed with the original polyethylene plastic film (suppression of regeneration film). The red film is used in areas with poor lighting. Yunnan is a plateau, and the ultraviolet light is strong. A semi-transparent milky film bag that is not prone to sunburn should be used. 3 Early bagging. According to local trials, early bagging can make young fruit less susceptible to sunburn and adverse weather conditions, and it can adapt to the environment within the bag earlier, get more exercise, and enhance resilience. Foil bags, in order to thank 15 to 20 days after flowering is appropriate; sets of paper bags to 25 to 35 days is better; film bags plus paper bags, 15 to 25 days after the film bags and then set of paper bags. When bagging, the bag must be bulged, sealed tightly, transparently, not wrinkled, and not covered, and the fruit is suspended in the center of the bag. 4 Improve light, fertilizer and water management. Do a good job of pruning, in particular, do a good job in summer shear thinning, so that the thickness of the leaf curtain layer is appropriate, improve ventilation and light transmission; from the middle growth period, less application and control of nitrogen fertilizer, avoid NPK imbalance and increase calcium deficiency boron deficiency During the rainy season, drain well to reduce soil moisture and air humidity. 5 Check after the rain. Every time after the next heavy rain, it is necessary to check in time. Where it is found that the drainage hole is over the water in the small bag, properly cut the large drainage hole to eliminate water and facilitate ventilation; remove the bag that has been eroded by the rain on the fruit surface. Clean, set new bags. The two diseases that are easily confused with black spot disease are inexperienced in bagging apple orchards. They also misidentify the black spots of the following two kinds of diseases as black spots, resulting in no symptomatic prevention and no effect. (1) The black spots are distributed on the upper part of the loquat, around the fruit top and in the sinus, and occur as large spots at the time of occurrence. They also occur only on the skin, are not deep and flesh, and do not cause fruit to rot. This disease is absent. Calcium-induced pox blast disease can also cause bitter bean disease in severe cases. It is significantly different from black spot disease: First, black spot disease mostly occurs when bagging occurs, but bagging does not generally occur, while pox spotting occurs when bagging and bagging do not occur; second, black spots occur. The diseased spot had no bitter flesh, and the spotted pulp had bitter taste. The third spot was that the spot of black spot disease did not expand in the late stage of growth and storage, while the spot of the spot disease expanded, Undercut. The prevention and control method is that when the base fertilizer is added in the autumn, 80-100 grams of calcium nitrate or calcium oxide and calcium sulfate are added per plant. From the new sprouting season to August, 300-400 times of calcium nitrate or dihydrogen phosphate is sprayed every other month. Calcium, or 800 times the amino acid calcium, supplements calcium. (b) There are light brown spots and irregular distribution on the fruit surface. The difference between it and black spot disease: First, bagged fruit and bagging do not occur; Second, black spot disease is a small lesion, not ulceration, and its lesions expand, the disease department ulceration, and even cause the entire Fruit rot. This is rotenus rot disease. The prevention and treatment methods are the same as those affecting the trunk.
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