High-quality peanut production technical regulations
First, production technology
1. Reasonably cultivating peanuts is a crop that blooms on the ground and grows underground. Not only does the root system require a soil environment with deep soil and water and gas coordination, but also fruit and soil need to be both water-permeable, water-retaining, and fertilizer-saving.
(1) Deep ploughing and soil preparation. Peanuts and pods should pay attention to proper ploughing and deepen the mature cultivating layer year by year. The original soil was deep, but the shallow ploughing over the years formed a peanut field with a plow at the bottom. The effect of deep ploughing and production increase was very significant. After deep plowing and deep turning to break the plow bottom layer, the water, fertilizer, gas, and heat of the tillage layer are coordinated, which is conducive to the growth and development of peanuts. Spring peanuts are to be planted in autumn, winter or spring, and the time for deep plowing should not be too late. Autumn plowing requires harvesting in early autumn crops, and winter plowing should be conducted in time for late autumn crops. Autumn and winter tillage depth 25-30 cm, spring plowing should be shallow, depth _20-25 centimeters, ploughing 耙 fine 墒 to reach deep, thick, fine, flat, no clear dark å· ,, remove residual root 茬, stones and other debris .
(2) Soil improvement. For more viscous soils, appropriate sand or phosphorus-containing weathering stones after deep plowing in autumn or early spring can significantly improve soil texture and permeability. In general, 10 clever cubic meters per acre of sand or phosphorus weathering stones, evenly spread the ground, shallow hoe, so that the solid layer of peanut sand mixed.
(3) Four ditch support. In order to solve the problem of dry irrigation, irrigation and drainage of peanuts, we must combine ridges before sowing on the basis of land preparation, do a good job of plains, terraces, ridges, horizontal slashes, ridges, and hilly lands. The ditch, waist ditch and furrow ditch are supported by four ditches, so that the peanut field can communicate with each other and the drainage can be unblocked.
(4) Change the rotation. Peanut continuous cropping (double cropping) can lead to the spread of diseases and insect pests (especially diseases such as peanut bacterial wilt, stalk rot, and white peony disease), loss of soil microbial communities, and imbalance in soil nutrients, resulting in loss of production. In general, rotation with other crops should be carried out for more than three years.
2. Balanced fertilization (1) Principle of fertilization: Non-polluted peanut production is mainly based on the application of organic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer. Appropriate application of a certain amount of chemical fertilizers depends on soil fertility and the requirements for yield levels.
(2) Number of fertilization: Based on the measurement of soil nutrient content, according to the output index of peanut, about 100 kg of pods will require about 5.5 kg of pure nitrogen, 1 kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 3 kg of potassium oxide to calculate various fertilizers. Application amount. In general fertility level, the output is 300 kg/mu, 2000 kg organic fertilizer per acre, 5-6 kg pure nitrogen (10-13 kg equivalent to urea), 5-7 kg of phosphorus pentoxide (equivalent to superphosphate 40) - 45 kg), 4-5 kg ​​of potassium oxide (equivalent to 8-10 kg of potassium sulfate). It is recommended to use Yangkang biological fertilizer 5 kg/mu or 901 biological fertilizer 10 kg/mu. The amount of fertilizer for peanut production 400-500 kg/mu is increased by 25%-30% on the above basis. If the soil fertility level is high, the organic matter content is above 1%, and only biological fertilizers and chemical fertilizers can be used. The application of compound fertilizer or special fertilizer should be scientifically calculated according to the above total amount of NPK.
Use zinc fertilizer, boron fertilizer, molybdenum fertilizer, iron fertilizer and other micro-fertilizers according to local conditions. Recommended application of coated slow / controlled release special fertilizer.
(3) Fertilization method: organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer are applied before 2/3 tillage, 1/3 is wrapped in the middle of ridge at the time of ridging, and biological fertilizer is applied in the sowing ditch. The specific application quantity and method of biological fertilizer and trace fertilizer should be strictly followed according to the product instruction manual, especially for soaking and seed dressing. Do not exceed the recommended amount so as not to affect the normal emergence.
3. Variety selection and treatment Selection of new varieties of peanuts with high yield, good quality, disease resistance, wide adaptability, good commercial property, and through approval is recommended. Huayu No. 22, Fenghua No. 1, Fenghua No. 3, and Rihua No. 2 are recommended. On the 3rd of the Japanese New Year, the day of the onset of bacterial wilt is recommended to use the Japanese Flower No. 1. The seed purity is required to be ≥ 96%, the clarity is ≥ 98%, and the water content is ≤ 10%.
(1) Drying: 3 to 5 days before shelling, choose sunny, spread peanuts to a thickness of about 6 cm, drying fruit for 2-3 days to reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria and increase seed vigor.
(2) Grading: After husking, grading and sizing, use grade 1 and 2 full-grown kernels as seeds, and germination test before sowing. The germination rate is ≥ 95%.
(3) Seed dressing: before sowing, the insecticide replanting site can be selected for high efficiency and low toxicity dressing or coating, and the use of phorate (3911), parathion (1605), and carbofuran (forbidden) is prohibited. Dan) Seed dressing or seed coating containing the above ingredients. Phoxim, chlorpyrifos and other pesticides can be used to control the harm of underground pests such as umbilical pupa, gold needle worms and aunts; and sulphate, thiophanate-methyl and other pesticides can be used to prevent stem rot and root rot. Diseases such as rot, black mold, sclerotinia and other root and stem diseases; use of physical protection agent non-toxic high-fat film or dressing of Nongle No. 1 marine biological products can prevent root-knot nematode disease.
Seed dressing or coating should be carried out in accordance with the product instructions.
4. sowing
(1) Date of sowing: The sowing date of peanuts should be combined with the local natural conditions, cultivation system, and variety characteristics. According to comprehensive considerations such as ground temperature, lyrics, variety, soil, and cultivation methods, it is flexible. Generally when 5 cm ground temperature stabilizes at 15 °C, it can be sown. The spring sowing of peanuts in our district is suitable for planting from the end of April to the beginning of May. To adequately sow, the proper soil moisture for the sowing layer is about 70% of the maximum water capacity in the field. If there is a lack of lyricism, drought prevention measures such as sowing the ditch should be adopted.
(2) Rigging standard and sowing density: ridge width 85-90 cm, width 55-60 cm ridge width, ridge height 10 cm, ridge roof leveling, 2 rows of peanuts per ridge, small row spacing 35-40 cm Two seeds per pier. Large peanut varieties 8000-9000 pier / mu, small peanut varieties 10000-11000 pier / mu.
(3) Selection of mulch: Choose a thickness of 0.004-0.005 mm, width of 90 cm polyethylene film or weeding film. The use of herbicide-free black plastic film is recommended.
(4) sowing method: according to local conditions, the first sowing after the first film or first coated after drilling and other seeding methods. If ordinary plastic film is used, spray 50% acetochlor EC 75ml/mu and coat 50-75kg water evenly on the ground. It is recommended to use the peanut multi-function mechanical sowing coating technology. No matter which method is adopted, the film should be laid flat, tight, firm and tight. Sowing depth 4-6 cm.
5. Field management techniques (1) Open hole and seedling: When seeding the top soil (membrane) of the peanut seedlings that are covered with the film first, it is necessary to open the seedlings in time to avoid burning the seedlings. With the hole with the membrane hole covered with soil to prevent runaway temperature. After the hole is opened, field inspections are often conducted, and pressure will be exerted on the lateral branches of the membrane and out of the membrane.
(2) Drainage and irrigation: During the three months of July, August and September in our city, the rainfall was concentrated. It was during the middle and late stages of the growth of peanuts. If there was more rain, we should drain water and prevent flooding. In the flowering period and the period of podging, such as long drought and no rain, it should be filled with water in time. Severe drought occurred 4-6 weeks before harvest, which is the main aflatoxin infection factor. Water should be promptly provided to prevent aflatoxin contamination. Peanut field watering promotes water pouring, do not flood irrigation.
(3) To prevent leggy 1 artificially go to the top: Advocate artificial to top. Under medium-high fertilizer and water conditions, when the plant height exceeds 40 cm in the early stage of peanut pods in the late stage, in order to prevent leggy, the growing point of the main stem and the main lateral branch of the peanut can be manually picked off, and the size of the removal is not suitable for removing the unfolded leaves. .
2 Chemical regulation: In the late stage of peanut flowering, when the plant height exceeds 35 cm or more, there is a tendency of prosperous growth, which will result in the lodging of plots and can be controlled. Apply 5% Efficacy WW (high efficiency enthalpy) WP 70-100 grams per acre, or Zhuangquan An WP 20 grams, 50 kg water, spray at 3 o'clock in the sunny afternoon to avoid re-spray, leak spray and spray After rain. It does not have to be applied to peanuts that do not grow in length. It is forbidden to use it for a long time and gradually reduce (cancel) the application of paclobutrazol. Be cautious about using chemical growth regulators to control leggy and rigorous dosages.
(4) Preventing premature aging: Foliar application of 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 50 kg, or other foliar fertilizer. It can also be carried out together with control of leaf spot.
6. Priority should be given to pest prevention and control techniques such as scientific seed-keeping, selection of disease-resistant varieties, rational rotation, deep plowing, removal of field diseases, reduction of field side hosts, use of natural enemies, light trapping, and other agricultural, biological, and physical control measures.
Chemical prevention adheres to the principle of "prevention as the mainstay and comprehensive prevention and control". Based on the forecast of pests and diseases, we use pesticides rationally. Under the premise of highlighting the ecology and ensuring safety, we must take timely and appropriate precautions to minimize the pests and diseases. . It is forbidden to use highly toxic, highly toxic, and high-residue pesticides. It is forbidden to spray large doses of poisonous pesticides at a later stage of the epidemic of pests and diseases.
(1) Locust 1 Agricultural measures: Remove the host weeds in the field and surrounding grasshoppers to reduce the source of insects. When the ratio of hazards in the field is greater than 1:80-100, pesticides may not be applied and the natural enemies may be used to control aphids.
2 drug control: When the aphid of more than 1000, and the ratio of benefits and harm is less than 1:80-100, with anti-Sai Wei, EB-82 dermatophyte matrine, Adriamycin and other spray control.
(2) Umbilical trough 1 adult prevention and control: In the mid-umbrella trough adulthood, artificial catching, Jiaduo vibration-type insecticidal lamp trapping, Tanabe head species castor sedation, or pesticide spraying of trees around the field for killing, etc. Measures.
2 larvae control: It is recommended to use Beauveria Bassiana or Qiao Lok Siben granules 1 kg/mu, sowing or covering seed sowing ditch at the time of sowing.
If you do not take the above measures or are still difficult to control, you can use the 50% symplectic when the egg hatches at its peak (the average year of the city is in mid-July), when there are 5 (heads) per square meter of eggs (or worms) in the field. Sulphur-phosphorus emulsion, 48% chlorpyrifos emulsion or 30% Bontrol emulsion 1000-1500 times liquid irrigation Pier controls larvae.
(3) If pests such as cotton bollworms, bridge-building insects, and Spodoptera litura occur in the middle and later stages of other insect pests, they must be sprayed with BT (Bacillus thuringiensis), powdered green insecticide, etc. before the third instar, and then sprayed once every five days.
(4) Peanut leaf spot Peeler leaf spot disease is a general term for peanut brown spot and black spot disease. In July, when the diseased leaf rate reached 10% to 15%, the antibiotic antibiotic 120+ physical protective agent was used for 150 grams of non-toxic high-fat lipid membrane per acre, or 20 ml of mesobiocin was used to exchange water. -75 kg, foliar spray, concurrent stem rot, white peony root, root rot, black mold and so on. It is also possible to spray 800 times 50% carbendazim WP, 12.5% ​​ene ethoxylated wettable powder or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder. Peanut net spot and focal spot disease can also refer to this method.
(5) Rusted flowers Rusting diseases can occur at all stages of fertility, but the onset is serious after the scab stage. Can use 20% triadimefon emulsion 1000-1500 times, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500-600 times liquid or 95% diuretic wettable powder 500 times liquid spray control in the early stages of disease.
The above two kinds of leaf disease prevention and control, spray once every 7 days or so, even spray 2-3 times.
(6) Bacterial wilt of peanut can occur during the whole growth period, and the flowering period reaches the peak of incidence. The diseased plants initially exhibited wilting, delayed leaf opening in the morning and early leaves in the afternoon. Afterwards, the leaves of the whole plant gradually withered from top to bottom, and the leaf color was dark and green, so it was called “blue and dryâ€. Resistant bacterial wilt varieties such as Kangqing 19 are recommended for plots with severe incidence of bacterial wilt. The drug was used to control 400-fold liquid of SSB, and the pier was filled 30-40 days after sowing.
(7) Peanut white spot disease Peanut white spot disease, also known as sclerotinia stalk rot, commonly known as white foot disease. The pathogens invaded from the roots close to the surface of the stem, and the diseased part turned brown at the beginning. On its filaments, filaments of hyphae grew on the surface. When the humidity was on, the surface of the disease was covered with a layer of white mycelia. In the early stage of peanut seedlings, spraying with 20% triterpenoid emulsion or 50% acetaminophen WP or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000 times, it is also possible to irrigate root at the early stage of disease.
(8) Other diseases Peanut virus disease: mainly transmitted by locusts, with reference to locust control methods; peanut stalk rot, root rot, black mold, sclerotinia, root knot nematode disease and other reference seed dressing methods.
Second, the harvest and storage technology science Grasp the peanut harvesting and storage technology, can increase the output of peanuts, improve the quality of seed kernels, to avoid aflatoxin contamination.
1. The timely harvest when the middle and lower leaves of the peanut plant gradually withered and fell off, most of the pods were tough and green, and the reticulation was obvious. The sponge tissue (endocarp) in the pods completely shrinked and thinned, and had a dark brown luster, and the grain was full. Peels and seed coats are basically harvested when presenting the inherent color of the variety. Before harvesting, artificial ridges are removed and the film is taken out of the fields for proper disposal. After harvest, timely pick out the residual film in the soil, dry the rooted fruits of the peanut plants with pods to the sun for 2-3 days, promote post-harvest and air-drying, and then pick the fruit, spread the fruits in an expansive manner, and timely dry to moisture below 10%. Ensure no mildew and reduce aflatoxin production. The remaining film on the peanut meal was removed, sun dried and stored as feed.
2. Safe storage and safe storage can maintain the quality of peanut pods and seed vigor. If it is improperly stored, mildew is easy to occur, peanuts used for seeding will reduce or lose their germination power, and peanuts used for commercial purposes will reduce commodity quality. The serious consequence of mildew damage is the production of mycotoxins, of which aflatoxin is a well-known strong carcinogen and is extremely harmful to humans and animals. Peanut shelling as much as possible using artificial shelling to reduce the broken, mechanical shelling of peanuts should be promptly selected to remove the broken particles. The main factors that affect the safe storage of peanuts are moisture, humidity, temperature, ventilation, and pests.
(1) Peanut pods Storage Peanut pods can be stored for a longer period of time as long as the moisture content is controlled below 10% and the temperature does not exceed 28°C.
(2) The storage, storage, and storage of peanuts in peanuts should effectively control the three stages of drying, freezing, and sealing.
1 Control moisture. The long-term safe storage of peanuts is 8%, and the basic safety of water is within 9%. Water can be stored for a short period of time in the winter when the water content is less than 10%, and must be treated in a timely manner if the water content is more than 10%.
2 Keep cool. Moisture content is below 8%, and the temperature does not exceed 20°C for longer storage. Above this temperature limit, fatty acids increase significantly, causing rancidity.
3 Closed storage. Containment can prevent the infection of insect pests and the influence of the outside temperature and humidity, and is conducive to keeping the temperature low. It is the main way of keeping peanuts.
(3) Management during storage During the storage of peanuts, attention must be paid to the changes in the environmental conditions of storage and physiological changes, timely inspections, and strengthening of management in order to ensure the good quality of pods (seed kernels) and the vigorous vitality of the seeds.
Third, the introduction of fine varieties
1. Huayu No. 22 Breeding Unit: Shandong Institute of Peanut Research, 2003 approved.
Characteristics: This species is a large-scale, unripe, early-mature peanut with vertical plant shape, grayish-green leaves, concentrated results, and a fertility period of approximately 130 days. The disease resistance and resistance to drought and waterlogging are moderate. The main stem was 35.6 cm in height, 40.0 cm in lateral branches, and 9 branches in total. The result was 13.8 per plant, and the productivity per plant was 18.8 g. The cultivar is in the middle type, the pods are common, the fruit is larger, the texture is thick, the kernels are oval, the seed coat is pink, the seed coat is golden yellow, the whole fruit weight is 245.9 grams, the kernel weight is 100.7 grams, and the kilogram number is 573 The number of kilograms was 1,108, the rice output rate was 71.0%, fat content was 49.2%, protein was 24.3%, oleic acid was 51.73%, linoleic acid was 30.25%, and the oleic acid/linoleic acid ratio was 1.71.
Yield performance: In the regional experiment of the new breed of peanuts in the whole province from 2000 to 2001, the average yield was 330.1 kg of mangoes and 235.4 kg of seed kernels, which were 7.6% and 4.9% higher than the control Luhua 11 respectively. Production trials, the average yield of 372.2 kg per mu, 268.9 kg of seed kernels, respectively, compared with the control Luhua 11 increased 8.8% and 7.5%.
Cultivation techniques: Suitable for the cultivation of sandy soil with convenient fertility above irrigation and drainage, and planting density of 9000-11,000 holes per mu. Other management is the same as general Daejeon.
Appropriate areas: Promote the use of large peanut varieties in areas suitable for the province.
1. Reasonably cultivating peanuts is a crop that blooms on the ground and grows underground. Not only does the root system require a soil environment with deep soil and water and gas coordination, but also fruit and soil need to be both water-permeable, water-retaining, and fertilizer-saving.
(1) Deep ploughing and soil preparation. Peanuts and pods should pay attention to proper ploughing and deepen the mature cultivating layer year by year. The original soil was deep, but the shallow ploughing over the years formed a peanut field with a plow at the bottom. The effect of deep ploughing and production increase was very significant. After deep plowing and deep turning to break the plow bottom layer, the water, fertilizer, gas, and heat of the tillage layer are coordinated, which is conducive to the growth and development of peanuts. Spring peanuts are to be planted in autumn, winter or spring, and the time for deep plowing should not be too late. Autumn plowing requires harvesting in early autumn crops, and winter plowing should be conducted in time for late autumn crops. Autumn and winter tillage depth 25-30 cm, spring plowing should be shallow, depth _20-25 centimeters, ploughing 耙 fine 墒 to reach deep, thick, fine, flat, no clear dark å· ,, remove residual root 茬, stones and other debris .
(2) Soil improvement. For more viscous soils, appropriate sand or phosphorus-containing weathering stones after deep plowing in autumn or early spring can significantly improve soil texture and permeability. In general, 10 clever cubic meters per acre of sand or phosphorus weathering stones, evenly spread the ground, shallow hoe, so that the solid layer of peanut sand mixed.
(3) Four ditch support. In order to solve the problem of dry irrigation, irrigation and drainage of peanuts, we must combine ridges before sowing on the basis of land preparation, do a good job of plains, terraces, ridges, horizontal slashes, ridges, and hilly lands. The ditch, waist ditch and furrow ditch are supported by four ditches, so that the peanut field can communicate with each other and the drainage can be unblocked.
(4) Change the rotation. Peanut continuous cropping (double cropping) can lead to the spread of diseases and insect pests (especially diseases such as peanut bacterial wilt, stalk rot, and white peony disease), loss of soil microbial communities, and imbalance in soil nutrients, resulting in loss of production. In general, rotation with other crops should be carried out for more than three years.
2. Balanced fertilization (1) Principle of fertilization: Non-polluted peanut production is mainly based on the application of organic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer. Appropriate application of a certain amount of chemical fertilizers depends on soil fertility and the requirements for yield levels.
(2) Number of fertilization: Based on the measurement of soil nutrient content, according to the output index of peanut, about 100 kg of pods will require about 5.5 kg of pure nitrogen, 1 kg of phosphorus pentoxide and 3 kg of potassium oxide to calculate various fertilizers. Application amount. In general fertility level, the output is 300 kg/mu, 2000 kg organic fertilizer per acre, 5-6 kg pure nitrogen (10-13 kg equivalent to urea), 5-7 kg of phosphorus pentoxide (equivalent to superphosphate 40) - 45 kg), 4-5 kg ​​of potassium oxide (equivalent to 8-10 kg of potassium sulfate). It is recommended to use Yangkang biological fertilizer 5 kg/mu or 901 biological fertilizer 10 kg/mu. The amount of fertilizer for peanut production 400-500 kg/mu is increased by 25%-30% on the above basis. If the soil fertility level is high, the organic matter content is above 1%, and only biological fertilizers and chemical fertilizers can be used. The application of compound fertilizer or special fertilizer should be scientifically calculated according to the above total amount of NPK.
Use zinc fertilizer, boron fertilizer, molybdenum fertilizer, iron fertilizer and other micro-fertilizers according to local conditions. Recommended application of coated slow / controlled release special fertilizer.
(3) Fertilization method: organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer are applied before 2/3 tillage, 1/3 is wrapped in the middle of ridge at the time of ridging, and biological fertilizer is applied in the sowing ditch. The specific application quantity and method of biological fertilizer and trace fertilizer should be strictly followed according to the product instruction manual, especially for soaking and seed dressing. Do not exceed the recommended amount so as not to affect the normal emergence.
3. Variety selection and treatment Selection of new varieties of peanuts with high yield, good quality, disease resistance, wide adaptability, good commercial property, and through approval is recommended. Huayu No. 22, Fenghua No. 1, Fenghua No. 3, and Rihua No. 2 are recommended. On the 3rd of the Japanese New Year, the day of the onset of bacterial wilt is recommended to use the Japanese Flower No. 1. The seed purity is required to be ≥ 96%, the clarity is ≥ 98%, and the water content is ≤ 10%.
(1) Drying: 3 to 5 days before shelling, choose sunny, spread peanuts to a thickness of about 6 cm, drying fruit for 2-3 days to reduce the number of pathogenic bacteria and increase seed vigor.
(2) Grading: After husking, grading and sizing, use grade 1 and 2 full-grown kernels as seeds, and germination test before sowing. The germination rate is ≥ 95%.
(3) Seed dressing: before sowing, the insecticide replanting site can be selected for high efficiency and low toxicity dressing or coating, and the use of phorate (3911), parathion (1605), and carbofuran (forbidden) is prohibited. Dan) Seed dressing or seed coating containing the above ingredients. Phoxim, chlorpyrifos and other pesticides can be used to control the harm of underground pests such as umbilical pupa, gold needle worms and aunts; and sulphate, thiophanate-methyl and other pesticides can be used to prevent stem rot and root rot. Diseases such as rot, black mold, sclerotinia and other root and stem diseases; use of physical protection agent non-toxic high-fat film or dressing of Nongle No. 1 marine biological products can prevent root-knot nematode disease.
Seed dressing or coating should be carried out in accordance with the product instructions.
4. sowing
(1) Date of sowing: The sowing date of peanuts should be combined with the local natural conditions, cultivation system, and variety characteristics. According to comprehensive considerations such as ground temperature, lyrics, variety, soil, and cultivation methods, it is flexible. Generally when 5 cm ground temperature stabilizes at 15 °C, it can be sown. The spring sowing of peanuts in our district is suitable for planting from the end of April to the beginning of May. To adequately sow, the proper soil moisture for the sowing layer is about 70% of the maximum water capacity in the field. If there is a lack of lyricism, drought prevention measures such as sowing the ditch should be adopted.
(2) Rigging standard and sowing density: ridge width 85-90 cm, width 55-60 cm ridge width, ridge height 10 cm, ridge roof leveling, 2 rows of peanuts per ridge, small row spacing 35-40 cm Two seeds per pier. Large peanut varieties 8000-9000 pier / mu, small peanut varieties 10000-11000 pier / mu.
(3) Selection of mulch: Choose a thickness of 0.004-0.005 mm, width of 90 cm polyethylene film or weeding film. The use of herbicide-free black plastic film is recommended.
(4) sowing method: according to local conditions, the first sowing after the first film or first coated after drilling and other seeding methods. If ordinary plastic film is used, spray 50% acetochlor EC 75ml/mu and coat 50-75kg water evenly on the ground. It is recommended to use the peanut multi-function mechanical sowing coating technology. No matter which method is adopted, the film should be laid flat, tight, firm and tight. Sowing depth 4-6 cm.
5. Field management techniques (1) Open hole and seedling: When seeding the top soil (membrane) of the peanut seedlings that are covered with the film first, it is necessary to open the seedlings in time to avoid burning the seedlings. With the hole with the membrane hole covered with soil to prevent runaway temperature. After the hole is opened, field inspections are often conducted, and pressure will be exerted on the lateral branches of the membrane and out of the membrane.
(2) Drainage and irrigation: During the three months of July, August and September in our city, the rainfall was concentrated. It was during the middle and late stages of the growth of peanuts. If there was more rain, we should drain water and prevent flooding. In the flowering period and the period of podging, such as long drought and no rain, it should be filled with water in time. Severe drought occurred 4-6 weeks before harvest, which is the main aflatoxin infection factor. Water should be promptly provided to prevent aflatoxin contamination. Peanut field watering promotes water pouring, do not flood irrigation.
(3) To prevent leggy 1 artificially go to the top: Advocate artificial to top. Under medium-high fertilizer and water conditions, when the plant height exceeds 40 cm in the early stage of peanut pods in the late stage, in order to prevent leggy, the growing point of the main stem and the main lateral branch of the peanut can be manually picked off, and the size of the removal is not suitable for removing the unfolded leaves. .
2 Chemical regulation: In the late stage of peanut flowering, when the plant height exceeds 35 cm or more, there is a tendency of prosperous growth, which will result in the lodging of plots and can be controlled. Apply 5% Efficacy WW (high efficiency enthalpy) WP 70-100 grams per acre, or Zhuangquan An WP 20 grams, 50 kg water, spray at 3 o'clock in the sunny afternoon to avoid re-spray, leak spray and spray After rain. It does not have to be applied to peanuts that do not grow in length. It is forbidden to use it for a long time and gradually reduce (cancel) the application of paclobutrazol. Be cautious about using chemical growth regulators to control leggy and rigorous dosages.
(4) Preventing premature aging: Foliar application of 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution 50 kg, or other foliar fertilizer. It can also be carried out together with control of leaf spot.
6. Priority should be given to pest prevention and control techniques such as scientific seed-keeping, selection of disease-resistant varieties, rational rotation, deep plowing, removal of field diseases, reduction of field side hosts, use of natural enemies, light trapping, and other agricultural, biological, and physical control measures.
Chemical prevention adheres to the principle of "prevention as the mainstay and comprehensive prevention and control". Based on the forecast of pests and diseases, we use pesticides rationally. Under the premise of highlighting the ecology and ensuring safety, we must take timely and appropriate precautions to minimize the pests and diseases. . It is forbidden to use highly toxic, highly toxic, and high-residue pesticides. It is forbidden to spray large doses of poisonous pesticides at a later stage of the epidemic of pests and diseases.
(1) Locust 1 Agricultural measures: Remove the host weeds in the field and surrounding grasshoppers to reduce the source of insects. When the ratio of hazards in the field is greater than 1:80-100, pesticides may not be applied and the natural enemies may be used to control aphids.
2 drug control: When the aphid of more than 1000, and the ratio of benefits and harm is less than 1:80-100, with anti-Sai Wei, EB-82 dermatophyte matrine, Adriamycin and other spray control.
(2) Umbilical trough 1 adult prevention and control: In the mid-umbrella trough adulthood, artificial catching, Jiaduo vibration-type insecticidal lamp trapping, Tanabe head species castor sedation, or pesticide spraying of trees around the field for killing, etc. Measures.
2 larvae control: It is recommended to use Beauveria Bassiana or Qiao Lok Siben granules 1 kg/mu, sowing or covering seed sowing ditch at the time of sowing.
If you do not take the above measures or are still difficult to control, you can use the 50% symplectic when the egg hatches at its peak (the average year of the city is in mid-July), when there are 5 (heads) per square meter of eggs (or worms) in the field. Sulphur-phosphorus emulsion, 48% chlorpyrifos emulsion or 30% Bontrol emulsion 1000-1500 times liquid irrigation Pier controls larvae.
(3) If pests such as cotton bollworms, bridge-building insects, and Spodoptera litura occur in the middle and later stages of other insect pests, they must be sprayed with BT (Bacillus thuringiensis), powdered green insecticide, etc. before the third instar, and then sprayed once every five days.
(4) Peanut leaf spot Peeler leaf spot disease is a general term for peanut brown spot and black spot disease. In July, when the diseased leaf rate reached 10% to 15%, the antibiotic antibiotic 120+ physical protective agent was used for 150 grams of non-toxic high-fat lipid membrane per acre, or 20 ml of mesobiocin was used to exchange water. -75 kg, foliar spray, concurrent stem rot, white peony root, root rot, black mold and so on. It is also possible to spray 800 times 50% carbendazim WP, 12.5% ​​ene ethoxylated wettable powder or 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder. Peanut net spot and focal spot disease can also refer to this method.
(5) Rusted flowers Rusting diseases can occur at all stages of fertility, but the onset is serious after the scab stage. Can use 20% triadimefon emulsion 1000-1500 times, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder 500-600 times liquid or 95% diuretic wettable powder 500 times liquid spray control in the early stages of disease.
The above two kinds of leaf disease prevention and control, spray once every 7 days or so, even spray 2-3 times.
(6) Bacterial wilt of peanut can occur during the whole growth period, and the flowering period reaches the peak of incidence. The diseased plants initially exhibited wilting, delayed leaf opening in the morning and early leaves in the afternoon. Afterwards, the leaves of the whole plant gradually withered from top to bottom, and the leaf color was dark and green, so it was called “blue and dryâ€. Resistant bacterial wilt varieties such as Kangqing 19 are recommended for plots with severe incidence of bacterial wilt. The drug was used to control 400-fold liquid of SSB, and the pier was filled 30-40 days after sowing.
(7) Peanut white spot disease Peanut white spot disease, also known as sclerotinia stalk rot, commonly known as white foot disease. The pathogens invaded from the roots close to the surface of the stem, and the diseased part turned brown at the beginning. On its filaments, filaments of hyphae grew on the surface. When the humidity was on, the surface of the disease was covered with a layer of white mycelia. In the early stage of peanut seedlings, spraying with 20% triterpenoid emulsion or 50% acetaminophen WP or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000 times, it is also possible to irrigate root at the early stage of disease.
(8) Other diseases Peanut virus disease: mainly transmitted by locusts, with reference to locust control methods; peanut stalk rot, root rot, black mold, sclerotinia, root knot nematode disease and other reference seed dressing methods.
Second, the harvest and storage technology science Grasp the peanut harvesting and storage technology, can increase the output of peanuts, improve the quality of seed kernels, to avoid aflatoxin contamination.
1. The timely harvest when the middle and lower leaves of the peanut plant gradually withered and fell off, most of the pods were tough and green, and the reticulation was obvious. The sponge tissue (endocarp) in the pods completely shrinked and thinned, and had a dark brown luster, and the grain was full. Peels and seed coats are basically harvested when presenting the inherent color of the variety. Before harvesting, artificial ridges are removed and the film is taken out of the fields for proper disposal. After harvest, timely pick out the residual film in the soil, dry the rooted fruits of the peanut plants with pods to the sun for 2-3 days, promote post-harvest and air-drying, and then pick the fruit, spread the fruits in an expansive manner, and timely dry to moisture below 10%. Ensure no mildew and reduce aflatoxin production. The remaining film on the peanut meal was removed, sun dried and stored as feed.
2. Safe storage and safe storage can maintain the quality of peanut pods and seed vigor. If it is improperly stored, mildew is easy to occur, peanuts used for seeding will reduce or lose their germination power, and peanuts used for commercial purposes will reduce commodity quality. The serious consequence of mildew damage is the production of mycotoxins, of which aflatoxin is a well-known strong carcinogen and is extremely harmful to humans and animals. Peanut shelling as much as possible using artificial shelling to reduce the broken, mechanical shelling of peanuts should be promptly selected to remove the broken particles. The main factors that affect the safe storage of peanuts are moisture, humidity, temperature, ventilation, and pests.
(1) Peanut pods Storage Peanut pods can be stored for a longer period of time as long as the moisture content is controlled below 10% and the temperature does not exceed 28°C.
(2) The storage, storage, and storage of peanuts in peanuts should effectively control the three stages of drying, freezing, and sealing.
1 Control moisture. The long-term safe storage of peanuts is 8%, and the basic safety of water is within 9%. Water can be stored for a short period of time in the winter when the water content is less than 10%, and must be treated in a timely manner if the water content is more than 10%.
2 Keep cool. Moisture content is below 8%, and the temperature does not exceed 20°C for longer storage. Above this temperature limit, fatty acids increase significantly, causing rancidity.
3 Closed storage. Containment can prevent the infection of insect pests and the influence of the outside temperature and humidity, and is conducive to keeping the temperature low. It is the main way of keeping peanuts.
(3) Management during storage During the storage of peanuts, attention must be paid to the changes in the environmental conditions of storage and physiological changes, timely inspections, and strengthening of management in order to ensure the good quality of pods (seed kernels) and the vigorous vitality of the seeds.
Third, the introduction of fine varieties
1. Huayu No. 22 Breeding Unit: Shandong Institute of Peanut Research, 2003 approved.
Characteristics: This species is a large-scale, unripe, early-mature peanut with vertical plant shape, grayish-green leaves, concentrated results, and a fertility period of approximately 130 days. The disease resistance and resistance to drought and waterlogging are moderate. The main stem was 35.6 cm in height, 40.0 cm in lateral branches, and 9 branches in total. The result was 13.8 per plant, and the productivity per plant was 18.8 g. The cultivar is in the middle type, the pods are common, the fruit is larger, the texture is thick, the kernels are oval, the seed coat is pink, the seed coat is golden yellow, the whole fruit weight is 245.9 grams, the kernel weight is 100.7 grams, and the kilogram number is 573 The number of kilograms was 1,108, the rice output rate was 71.0%, fat content was 49.2%, protein was 24.3%, oleic acid was 51.73%, linoleic acid was 30.25%, and the oleic acid/linoleic acid ratio was 1.71.
Yield performance: In the regional experiment of the new breed of peanuts in the whole province from 2000 to 2001, the average yield was 330.1 kg of mangoes and 235.4 kg of seed kernels, which were 7.6% and 4.9% higher than the control Luhua 11 respectively. Production trials, the average yield of 372.2 kg per mu, 268.9 kg of seed kernels, respectively, compared with the control Luhua 11 increased 8.8% and 7.5%.
Cultivation techniques: Suitable for the cultivation of sandy soil with convenient fertility above irrigation and drainage, and planting density of 9000-11,000 holes per mu. Other management is the same as general Daejeon.
Appropriate areas: Promote the use of large peanut varieties in areas suitable for the province.
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