Hawthorn cultivation techniques

Hawthorn is a dried ripe flesh of Cornus offcinalis, also known as clam meat, hawthorn meat, medicinal dates, and dates. With the function of tonifying the liver and kidney, astringent antiperspirant. The main production of Zhejiang, Anhui, Henan, Shanxi, Shandong, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Shaanxi and other provinces are distributed. (a) Morphological characteristics Deciduous trees or shrubs, plant height 2 to 8 meters. Bark gray brown, branchlets glabrous. Leaves opposite, leaf blade ovate or oblong, apex acuminate, base rounded or inter-wedge-shaped, entire, sparsely hairy above, pinkish green below, covered with white hairs; veins yellow-brown hairy plexus. Umbrella terminal or axillary, first leaves open, flowers small; sepals 4, inconspicuous; petals 4, yellow; stamens 4, alternate with petals; ovary inferior, usually 1-locular. Drupe oblong, red after maturity, mesocarp fleshy, seeds oblong. Flowering period from March to April, fruiting period from April to November, see Figure 4-16. (b) Habits Hawthorn hi warm and humid climate, hi sunshine, more hardy, sapling afraid of early. Seedlings are flowering from 5 to 7 years, and fruits from 10 to 20 years are full of fruit. Seed germination is difficult, stratification 3 to 4 months can promote seed germination. (III) Cultivation Techniques 1. Select soil preparation and site preparation for deep, well-drained slightly acidic or neutral sandy loam soil. Divide 2 meters x 3 meters before planting, 0.5 meter depth, 0.5 meter square, and apply fertilizer to each farmer. Kilograms ~ 25 kg, and mixed with soil, ready to plant. The nursery can be used to apply 3,000 to 4,000 kilograms of farmhouse manure per 1,000 square meters before freezing, combine the site preparations into the soil, and make up the ground to make a 1.3-meter-wide plutonium for the next year. 2. Propagation methods use seeds for propagation. They can also be propagated by cuttings and layers. (1) Seed propagation: In the autumn, the fresh seeds from the flesh will be 2-3 times wet sand. The sand will be stored in the outdoor sunny place. Covered with grass and kept moist, till 3 to 4 months in the following year, there will be 30% to 40%. When the seeds germinate, they can be sown. Drilling, according to row spacing 20 cm to 30 cm ditch, ditch depth 3 cm to 5 cm, after sowing cover soil 2 cm to 3 cm, covered with a layer of grass to keep the surface moist, one week after sowing can be gradually emerged, until the second Spring. Such as fertilizer and water conditions are good, after emergence, the year can grow to 60 cm to 100 cm high, generally l ~ 2 years after the colonization in the prepared land, it is best to choose the cloudy days from the seedlings, with soil transplanting, and timely pouring Water to increase the survival rate. After the planting, the branching branches should be cut off, leaving only the trunk. (2) Cutting propagation: In the middle and late May, the annual shoot with terminal buds is selected and cut at 15 cm to 20 cm. When the upper part is left with 3 to 4 pieces, the lower part is cut obliquely and ABT rooting powder 50PPm solution is used. After soaking for half an hour, the roots can begin to root after 10 days in the 20C to 25°C seedlings. During this period, high humidity should be maintained, or the upper part of the seedbed should be shaded. Strengthen fertility management, planting before winter or early spring. (3) Batten propagation L Before or after the spring bud sprouting, the 1-2 year old branches near the ground are bent, and the skin is cut near the trunk, and the branches are buried in the soil, fixed and compacted, and the tips of the branches are exposed on the ground. Strengthen fertilizer and water management. The second year of winter or the third year of spring, it can be separated from the mother plant and transplanted. 3. Field management (1) Seedling management: Keep the soil moist before emergence and prevent the dryness of the ground from hardening. When the seedlings are removed, when the seedlings are 15 cm tall, they can be topdressed once. And according to the spacing of 8 cm to 10 cm between the seedlings Dingmiao. Pour a layer of frozen water before winter and cover with straw or cow horse dung. (2) Management after planting: Weeding and weeding are conducted 4 to 5 times a year, and top dressings are applied once in spring and autumn. For trees over 10 years old, 5 kg to 10 kg of excrement should be applied to each tree, and the fertilization time should be better for the early fruiting period in mid-April. When the saplings are about 1 meter high, the tip shoots are taken in February to promote lateral branch growth. During the sapling period, branches of tree-base clusters are cut off each spring. Trim with light shears and trim branches that are too dense, too thin and long. The branches on the inside of the trunk can be girdled, tossed and twisted in June to weaken their growth potential and promote nutrient concentration so as to achieve early results. Saplings cultivate soil 1 to 2 times a year, and adult trees can cultivate soil once every 2 to 3 years. If the roots are exposed on the surface, they should be rooted in time. In places where irrigation is convenient, water should be poured three times a year. The first time in the spring before germination and flowering, the second in the summer fruit filling period, the third before the winter. 4. Disease and Insect Pest Control (1) Gray plaster disease: Occurrences are particularly severe in trunks and branches of old trees that have been in place for more than 20 years. Control methods: cultivate seedlings and cut off sick old trees; apply mildly infected stems with a knife to scrape off mycelial membranes, apply lime milk or Bami 5 degrees lime sulfur; at the beginning of the disease from May to June, With 1:1:100 Bordeaux spray. (2) Powdery mildew: Multiple attacks occur from July to August, damaging the leaves. At the early stage of disease, 50% thiophanate-methyl 1000-fold or biological agent B0-10300-fold spray can be used for prevention and treatment. (3) Anthracnose: From June to July, the young fruit was destroyed, and the control method was: the winter cleaning of the garden; at the beginning of the disease, 1:1:100 Bordeaux spray was used; the resistant varieties were selected. (4) Fruit Moth: From September to October, larvae damage fruit. Control methods: Spray from 5000 to 8000 times 0.5% flavone emulsion or from 2000 to 4000 times spray of 26% cypermethrin during the emergent period of August to September; use 2.5% trichlorfon and 2% methamidophos Mix at 1:400 and treat the soil to kill the winter pods. (5) Wood 鞒唧叮 鞒唧叮 ~ October larvae damage the leaves. Control method: In July, the larvae should be sprayed with 2.5% rattan extract 500-600 times liquid or 90% trichlorfon 1000 times liquid or 2.5% deltamethrin emulsion 5000 times liquid in early larvae; Digging of soil within the rice range or application of isofluosaphos on the ground to prevent emergence of earthworms. (6) Codling moth: Multiple occurrences occur from June to August, and larvae damage the leaves. Trees grown from 10 to 20 years are more likely to occur. Control methods: manual killing, that is, after falling leaves in winter, the insect cysts hung on the branches were taken and killed; stockings such as pyodesia japonicum and natural enemies; occurred 80% dichlorvos 800 times or 90% trichlorfon 800 Double liquid spray. (4) Harvesting and processing General planting begins after 4 years and results in flowering. The result can be more than 100 years. It should be harvested when the fruit turns from green to red in September to October. The buds have been formed the next year when picking, so be careful not to touch the buds and break the branches. After harvesting, remove the stems and pedicels, bake them with charcoal fire until the peels are swelled, pinch off the seeds after cooling, and then dry or dry the flesh. You can also put fresh fruit in boiling water for 10 to 15 minutes, remove, set in cold water, squeeze out the seeds, or put the fruit in the steamer steamed for 5 minutes and squeeze out the seeds.