Grape Fertilization Technology

Grape is one of the earliest and most widely distributed fruit trees. It is mainly distributed in the northeast, north, northwest, and Huang-Huai-Hai regions in China, and it also has a certain distribution in South China. First, the grape needs fertilizer characteristics (A) the grape's requirements for the environment Grape is a deciduous perennial climbing plant, hi light, in full light conditions, the photosynthetic efficiency of the leaves is higher, the ability to assimilate, the fruit's high sugar content, taste Good, high yield. Grape is a kind of hot fruit tree, and its ability to withstand cold is poor. Only when the temperature rises to 10°C does it begin to grow, and the optimum growth temperature is above 18°C. The germination period requires a lower temperature of 10~12°C. The temperature required for flower bud differentiation is higher and the optimum temperature is 25~30°C. If the temperature is lower than 14°C, the normal flowering of the grapes will be affected. The suitable temperature for ripening period is 28~32°C, and if the temperature is lower than 15°C, the fruit will not be fully matured. For areas with low winter temperatures, it is important to avoid cold damage when the grapes are overwintering. In particular, the roots of the grapes are poor in cold resistance. Generally, some varieties can be frozen at about -10°C, and care should be taken to protect them. In order to improve the antifreeze ability of grapes, cold-tolerant varieties or wild mountain grapes are commonly used as rootstocks for grafting. Grapes are a kind of anti-wet botanical plants. Generally, the annual rainfall of 600 to 800 mm is most suitable for the development of grapes. However, in China's main grape growing areas, the rainy season is mostly concentrated between summer and autumn. At this time, the temperature is relatively high. Most of the fruits enter the ripening period of berries, which can easily cause cracking or other diseases and reduce the yield and quality of grapes. The areas with small rainfall, water-filling conditions, and deep soil layers are more suitable for the cultivation of grapes, such as Turpan and Loess Plateau areas in China. The adaptability of the grapes to the soil is very strong. In addition to saline soils with higher salinity, it can grow on all kinds of soils, and it can also grow normally on semi-weathered sandy soils with more gravel. Although the adaptability of the grapes is strong, the adaptability of different varieties to the soil pH is obviously different; in general, the European varieties grow better in the calcareous soil, the root system is developed, the fruit has high sugar content, good flavor, and is acidic. The growth on the soil is poor, while the hybrids of American and European and American are more suitable for acidic soils and the growth on calcareous soils is slightly worse. In addition, hillside lands are more light and airy than those in plain areas, and they are often of higher yield and quality. (b) The nutritional characteristics of grapes Root Characteristics of Grapes Grapes are wild fruit trees with strong growth, strong polarity, rapid growth of vegetative organs, and a more developed root system. The roots of the grapes differ in their methods of reproduction, and there are certain differences in the distribution of the roots. Plants that are generally propagated by cutting, have no main roots, only stout roots and divided lateral and fine roots; in deep layers of soil, the roots of grapes are widely distributed and can be as deep as 2 to 3 meters. Drought tolerance. The root of the grape is a fleshy root that can store a lot of nutrients. When the soil temperature is appropriate, the ground has not yet germinated, and the roots of the grapes have begun to absorb nutrients and moisture, so that fresh cuts of the vines appear to be bleeding fluids. The roots of a typical grape have a rooting peak in spring, summer, and autumn within one year. When the soil temperature is appropriate, the root can grow for an annual period with no dormancy. 2. Grape's demand for nutrients Compared with other fruit trees, the demand for nutrients in grapes has both in common. For example, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, boron and other nutrients are needed, but it also has its own characteristics. Grapes have good early yield performance. Generally, if the soil is fertile, it can bloom in the second year of planting, and it can enter the high yield period in the third year. Because the grape is a deep-rooted plant, there is no main root, mainly a large number of lateral roots. In order for the grape to enter the high-yield period, promoting the formation of a more developed root system is the key to early fertilization. The survey results showed that the key to fertilization is to increase soil fertigation and improve soil nutrient content in deep and medium soil layers before planting. Studies have shown that for every 100 kilograms of fruit produced, vines need to absorb 0.3-0.6 kg of nitrogen, 0.1-0.3 kg of phosphorus pentoxide, and 0.3-0.65 kg of potassium from the soil. Second, grape fertilization technology and more organic fertilizer, fertilization to improve the soil, improve the growth of grape vines soil conditions, lay a good foundation for sustained high yield and quality. (I) Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for grapes. It absorbs about 0.3-0.6 kg of nitrogen per 100 kg of grape berry. Nitrogen fertilizer has a great influence on the growth and development of grapevines. Applying more nitrogen fertilizer in a certain range can increase the number of branches and leaves of grapevines, enhance the tree vigor of the grape, coordinate the vegetative growth and reproductive growth of the tree, promote the emergence of secondary shoots, and play a role of multiple flowering and fruiting to increase yield. However, if nitrogen fertilizer is used excessively, it will cause the shoots to be lengthy, resulting in a large number of fruit drop, which will lead to a decrease in yield. Moreover, the degree of lignification of new shoots and roots will be reduced, and the overwintering ability will be affected. Due to the loss of nutrients and the fixation of the soil, part of the fertilizer cannot be absorbed and utilized by the root system. Therefore, in the production, the annual nitrogen fertilizer application amount is 12-18 kg per 667 m2. Fertilization should be dominated by basal fertilizer, accounting for 40% to 60% of the annual application amount. The application time is preferably applied immediately after fruit harvesting. At this time, the second growth peak of the root system is not over yet. The leaves have not yet fallen off. After the application, part of the fertilizer can be absorbed by the root system and participate in metabolism and manufacture a large amount of organic nutrients. Increased tree nutrient storage has a significant effect on restoring tree vigor and promoting flower bud differentiation. The application of topdressing is generally carried out in four stages of pre-emergence, pre-flowering, post-flowering, and early berry coloring. 1 The application of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer before germination is mainly for grape vines without application of basal fertilizer, and plays a role in promoting the development of leaves and panicles and expanding the leaf area. 2 For vines with more spikes, topdressing nitrogen fertilizer before flowering and applying a certain amount of phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer have the effect of increasing the ear and reducing flower drop, and the dosage is about 1/5 of the annual application amount. 3 After flowering, when fruits such as mung bean size, topdressing nitrogen fertilizer can promote fruit development and coordinate the growth of branches and leaves. The dosage should be determined according to the growth trend. When the growth is more prosperous, the dosage should be less; when the growth is poor, the application amount should be large. some. It is generally 1/10 to 1/5 of annual application amount. 4 In the early stage of fruit coloring, a small amount of nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers may be topdressed to promote the rapid increase of berries and the increase of sugar content, increase the color of the fruit, and improve the quality of the fruit inside and outside. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer is about 1/10 of the annual application amount. (II) Application of Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizers The vines need less phosphorus, and they generally need to absorb 0.1-0.3kg of phosphorus per 100kg of berries produced. Because of the fixed soil and other factors, the utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer in grape vines is relatively low. The amount of fertilizer used in actual fertilization is much higher than the above amount. Generally, the annual amount of phosphate fertilizer in high yield vineyards is 210 to 15 kg per 667 meters. Phosphorus pentoxide, equivalent to 70 to 110 kg of superphosphate containing 14% of phosphorus. Phosphate fertilizer is mainly used as basal fertilizer, generally accounting for 60% to 70% of the annual application amount. It should be applied as early as possible after fruit harvest, because the second growth peak of the grape root system is not over yet, and the applied phosphate fertilizer is absorbed by grapes. Later, they participate in metabolism, manufacture and synthesize large amounts of organic nutrients, increase the storage of nutrients in the tree, and can restore tree vigor, promote differentiation of flower buds, and increase grape's resistance to freezing. The rest of the phosphate fertilizers were topdressing, and nitrogen and potassium fertilizers were applied in the early flowering stage and in the early growth period of young fruit and in the early stage of berry coloring. The amount of phosphate fertilizer in the early stage of berry coloring should account for 1/5 of the annual amount of phosphate fertilizer, and the other two phases accounted for 1 /10 or so. The demand for potassium is higher in grapes, and the amount of potassium absorbed by each 100 kg grape berry is 0.3-0.65 kg. Adequate supply of potassium can increase the sugar content of grapes and promote the coloration of berries. The amount of potash fertilizer applied in high-yield vineyards is generally 215~22kg of potassium oxide per 667m, equivalent to 30~44kg of potassium sulfate containing 50% of potassium. The application of potash fertilizer was based on basal fertilizer, accounting for about 1/3 of the annual application rate. The top-dressing of berry was mainly applied in top-dressing, accounting for 1/3 of the annual application amount, and the amount of topdressing in the other two periods accounted for about 1/6. Pay attention to the application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. (3) Application of Boron Fertilizer, Zinc Fertilizer, etc. The consumption of boron fertilizer in grapes can increase the fruit set rate of grapes, improve the nutritional status of grapes, and increase the yield. Boron-deficient soils can be applied to borax in the amount of 0.5 to 1.0 kg per 667 m2 of orchard when base fertilizers are applied in the fall. It is also possible to spray 0.05% to 0.1% borax aqueous solution before flowering. When the grape is deficient in zinc, the leaves become smaller and the new shoots become shorter. The ear forms a large number of non-nuclear and small fruits, and the yield is significantly reduced. To prevent grapevines from being deprived of zinc: Apply a 10% zinc sulfate solution immediately after the winter shear; apply 0.2% to 0.3% zinc sulfate solution 2 to 3 weeks before flowering and 3 to 5 after flowering. Spray once a week. For grapes that have suffered from symptoms of zinc deficiency, they should be immediately sprayed with 0.2%~0.3% zinc sulfate solution. Generally, they need to be sprayed 2~3 times, with intervals of 1~2 weeks. In calcareous soils and in other soils containing less available iron, grapes are also prone to yellowing of iron-deficient leaves. The occurrence of yellowing not only affects the growth of grapes, but also affects the yield and quality of grapes. Since ferrous sulfate was quickly transformed into a form that the fruit trees could not absorb after it was applied to the soil, the effect of applying ferrous sulfate alone was poor. The best method was to use iron chelate, and the effect of Fe-EDDHA was better. it is good. However, it is not easy to buy and the price is high. A more effective method is to mix ferrous sulfate with cake fat (bean cake, peanut cake, cottonseed cake) and ammonium sulfate in a weight ratio of 1:4:1 and apply it to the soil with more capillary roots of grapes before germination in spring. The application effect is better. It is also possible to spray 0.3% ferrous sulphate and 0.5% urea aqueous solution during the growth of the grapes, but the validity is short and it takes 1 to 2 weeks for spraying. (4) Methods and time for grape fertilization The time for grape to use basal fertilizer is best carried out immediately after fruit picking. If it is not applied in time, it can also be carried out during the dormancy period of grapes. Fertilization is mainly based on organic fertilizers and phosphorus and potash fertilizers. With a certain amount of nitrogen fertilizer (tree vigor may not apply nitrogen fertilizer, weak tree vigor should be more appropriate nitrogen fertilizer). The basal fertilizer application methods are often applied along the vines on one side of the ditch, pay attention to not be too close to the tree, so as not to affect the growth of the grapes. Grapes need more nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, and they need to be replenished timely during the growth of the grapes. When using nitrogen and potassium fertilizers as top dressing, they are generally applied in shallow ditch. Fertilizer application time is bud expansion, flowering, and fruit size after flowering. Period, early stage of grape berry coloring.

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