Effects of Nutritional Regulation on Fertility of Goats
In the future development of the green animal husbandry, nutrition regulation technology is one of the best choices to replace the traditional direct intervention in the reproductive endocrine process as the main feature of the technology. Massive production practices show that there is a very close relationship between reproduction and growth/nutrition. The regulation of reproductive traits can avoid the disadvantages of traditional hormone regulation to some extent, so it has been highly valued by the livestock husbandry of developed countries.
This article expounds the influence of goat's energy, protein, vitamins and inorganic minerals on the fertility of goats, and provides references for goat farming in China.
1 Effect of energy on goat fertility Nutrition plays a decisive role in estrus, mating, abortion, embryonic development and survival, as well as newborn weight and weaning weight of grazing animals, among which energy has the greatest impact on maternal fecundity. Many studies have shown that the long-term lack of energy level will not only postpone the priming period of the siblings, but also lead to postnatal communion or prolonged post-partum lassitude of the maternal stocks, resulting in longer average litter interval and lower reproductive rate. Malnutrition inhibits the pulsatile production system of female gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the release of sex hormones. As a result, the production of follicle-producing gonadotropins is significantly insufficient. Malnutrition can damage the quality of the oocyte, which is related to the poor ability of the follicle to support oocyte maturation.
In the postpartum period, goat's brain-pituitary-ovary axis and reproductive tract need to recover from pregnancy and childbirth. The lack of energy suppresses these recovery processes. Mammalian stimulation inhibits GnRH and LH secretion, and insufficient energy aggravates this inhibition. In the early stages of goat lactation, negative energy balance inhibits gonadotropin production.
Inadequate long-term energy intake can reduce fertility. Postpartum ewes with poor body condition often do not ovulate, extending the interval between lamb production and re-pregnancy. The reason is lack of LH secretion, inhibition of follicular growth and oocyte maturation. But excessive energy is detrimental to oocyte quality. Dietary energy levels have an extremely important influence on the reproductive performance of breeding rams. Excessive energy levels in the diet can cause physical constitution of rams and obesity in the body and poor body condition. As a result, sexual function is severely reduced, and even the species value is completely lost. Therefore, strict control of dietary concentrations is particularly important.
2 Effects of protein on fecundity of goats Dietary protein levels play an important role in the reproduction of goats. The lack of protein not only affects estrus, conception and pregnancy, but also results in weight loss due to decreased palatability of the diet, directly or indirectly affecting the reproduction of goats.
The lack of protein in the diet will affect the role of the important endocrine gland, pituitary gland, in controlling and regulating reproductive function, and inhibit the secretion of gonadotropins. The harmful effects on the rams are such that the sperm production of the testes is abnormal, and the sperm count and quality are reduced; for the ewes, it is shown to affect the normal estrus, ovulation, fertilization, and pregnancy process, resulting in difficult pregnancy, miscarriage, weak and stillbirth.
However, when dietary protein is in surplus, excess amino acids directly affect reproduction by affecting energy balance and nutrient distribution. The result is delaying first oestrus and evacuation time. The toxic by-products of nitrogen metabolism (ammonia and urea) can damage sperm, eggs, and embryos, causing a decline in fertilization rates. In the vast majority of cases, when the dietary protein level exceeds the body's needs, or even exceeds the body's ability to regulate, it will result in harmful reproductive performance. Mainly manifested as metabolic dysfunction, liver structure and function damage. Therefore, ewes cannot be over-fat, and rams are more suitable when they are at Bacheng.
3 Effects of Vitamins on Fertility in Goat Vitamins are organic substances necessary for the health, growth, reproduction and life of one or more animals. Although it is low in food, it must have this substance because it can neither be synthesized in the body nor fully stored in the body. Each vitamin fulfills a special physiological function; at the same time, one kind of vitamin cannot substitute or play the role of another vitamin.
3.1 Vitamin A
VA is a fat-soluble vitamin essential to humans and animals. Studies have shown that VA is essential for animal reproduction and immune cell function. Further studies have shown that VA plays an important role in embryonic development. According to data, the absence of VA in females shows abnormal estrus, and it is not easy to conceive; pregnant animals lack VA, the fetus is stunted, there are stillbirths, abortions, fetal malformations and dystocia, placental retention, etc.; males are degenerated in the testis and epididymis, semen volume and Decline in quality, severe testicular sclerosis. Researchers from the former Soviet Union believe that the use of VA preparations can treat and prevent diseases such as placental arrest, ovarian cysts, ovarian dysfunction and long-term non-estrus, and have good results. NRC (1998) recommends pregnant ewes with 5,000 to 8,000 IU per kilogram of diet.
3.2 Vitamin D
VD, together with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, constitute the main regulatory system of calcium metabolism in vivo, and it plays a key role in maintaining blood calcium balance. Reducing blood calcium can delay uterine degeneration and increase dystocia, submandibular nodule and uterine prolapse, and can also cause secondary hypocalcemia, leading to postpartum paralysis. High calcium inhibits the absorption of P, Mg, Zn, Cu, and other trace elements, resulting in deficiency affecting reproductive function. Calcium can also affect reproduction through testicular, adrenal and ovarian steroid biosynthesis. NRC stipulates that pregnant ewes need 300 to 900 IU of vitamin D daily.
3.3 Vitamin E
Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, is known to have a significant effect on the reproduction and development of animals. Adding vitamin E to the ram diet can increase the amount of ram ejaculation, semen concentration, sperm motility, and improve the conception rate and lambing rate of the ewes. Vitamin E has a close relationship with reproductive performance of female mammals, can stimulate the functional activities of the anterior pituitary, promote the secretion of gonadotropins, thereby regulating the growth and development of gonads and functional activities, such as the promotion of sperm production and activity, and enhance the ovarian Physiological function increases follicles, increases luteal cells and enhances the effect of progesterone, prevents miscarriage, increases litter size, and reduces pre-weaning mortality. NRC (1985) feeding standard recommended: 50 ~ 60kg ewes need VE every day in the pre-pregnancy, 18 ~ 20IU, late pregnancy 26 ~ 27IU.
4 Effects of trace minerals on the fertility of goats During pregnancy, the requirements for Ca and P are higher than those for maintenance and lactation. The mineral requirement during the growth period is lower than that of calves, and the goat milk contains Ca and P. The content is close to the content of Ca and P in milk. Copper studies have shown that copper deficiency can cause animals to suffer from symptoms such as ataxia, dehairing, cardiovascular disease, and reduced reproductive performance. The lack of molybdenum will affect the biological rate of copper. The lack of molybdenum in goats manifests itself as impeded growth, decreased fertility, and miscarriage. The function of selenium is as a component of glutathione peroxide (GSH-px). Selenium can improve animal reproductive performance. Deficiency of selenium leads to damage of sperm cells and release of GOT, which reduces the viability of sperm, thereby affecting the ability of fertilization and embryonic development. Selenium supplementation can prevent miscarriage of pregnant females and livestock and reduce embryo mortality. The lack of selenium can also cause white muscle disease and nutritional muscular dystrophy. Intramuscular injection of sodium selenite or simultaneous injection of sodium selenite and VE to ewes increased the estrus rate, conception rate, and 28-day-old weight of lambs produced.
5 Conclusion In summary, proper use of nutritional control measures can increase goat growth and reproduction. The reproductive performance of animals is mainly affected by factors such as genetic traits, natural environment, nutrition, and management. In these four aspects, nutrition is the main factor that limits and excavates animal reproduction. Under the condition of relatively uniform environmental conditions and management levels, whether or not the animal nutrition is balanced will directly affect the reproduction potential of the animal.
This article expounds the influence of goat's energy, protein, vitamins and inorganic minerals on the fertility of goats, and provides references for goat farming in China.
1 Effect of energy on goat fertility Nutrition plays a decisive role in estrus, mating, abortion, embryonic development and survival, as well as newborn weight and weaning weight of grazing animals, among which energy has the greatest impact on maternal fecundity. Many studies have shown that the long-term lack of energy level will not only postpone the priming period of the siblings, but also lead to postnatal communion or prolonged post-partum lassitude of the maternal stocks, resulting in longer average litter interval and lower reproductive rate. Malnutrition inhibits the pulsatile production system of female gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the release of sex hormones. As a result, the production of follicle-producing gonadotropins is significantly insufficient. Malnutrition can damage the quality of the oocyte, which is related to the poor ability of the follicle to support oocyte maturation.
In the postpartum period, goat's brain-pituitary-ovary axis and reproductive tract need to recover from pregnancy and childbirth. The lack of energy suppresses these recovery processes. Mammalian stimulation inhibits GnRH and LH secretion, and insufficient energy aggravates this inhibition. In the early stages of goat lactation, negative energy balance inhibits gonadotropin production.
Inadequate long-term energy intake can reduce fertility. Postpartum ewes with poor body condition often do not ovulate, extending the interval between lamb production and re-pregnancy. The reason is lack of LH secretion, inhibition of follicular growth and oocyte maturation. But excessive energy is detrimental to oocyte quality. Dietary energy levels have an extremely important influence on the reproductive performance of breeding rams. Excessive energy levels in the diet can cause physical constitution of rams and obesity in the body and poor body condition. As a result, sexual function is severely reduced, and even the species value is completely lost. Therefore, strict control of dietary concentrations is particularly important.
2 Effects of protein on fecundity of goats Dietary protein levels play an important role in the reproduction of goats. The lack of protein not only affects estrus, conception and pregnancy, but also results in weight loss due to decreased palatability of the diet, directly or indirectly affecting the reproduction of goats.
The lack of protein in the diet will affect the role of the important endocrine gland, pituitary gland, in controlling and regulating reproductive function, and inhibit the secretion of gonadotropins. The harmful effects on the rams are such that the sperm production of the testes is abnormal, and the sperm count and quality are reduced; for the ewes, it is shown to affect the normal estrus, ovulation, fertilization, and pregnancy process, resulting in difficult pregnancy, miscarriage, weak and stillbirth.
However, when dietary protein is in surplus, excess amino acids directly affect reproduction by affecting energy balance and nutrient distribution. The result is delaying first oestrus and evacuation time. The toxic by-products of nitrogen metabolism (ammonia and urea) can damage sperm, eggs, and embryos, causing a decline in fertilization rates. In the vast majority of cases, when the dietary protein level exceeds the body's needs, or even exceeds the body's ability to regulate, it will result in harmful reproductive performance. Mainly manifested as metabolic dysfunction, liver structure and function damage. Therefore, ewes cannot be over-fat, and rams are more suitable when they are at Bacheng.
3 Effects of Vitamins on Fertility in Goat Vitamins are organic substances necessary for the health, growth, reproduction and life of one or more animals. Although it is low in food, it must have this substance because it can neither be synthesized in the body nor fully stored in the body. Each vitamin fulfills a special physiological function; at the same time, one kind of vitamin cannot substitute or play the role of another vitamin.
3.1 Vitamin A
VA is a fat-soluble vitamin essential to humans and animals. Studies have shown that VA is essential for animal reproduction and immune cell function. Further studies have shown that VA plays an important role in embryonic development. According to data, the absence of VA in females shows abnormal estrus, and it is not easy to conceive; pregnant animals lack VA, the fetus is stunted, there are stillbirths, abortions, fetal malformations and dystocia, placental retention, etc.; males are degenerated in the testis and epididymis, semen volume and Decline in quality, severe testicular sclerosis. Researchers from the former Soviet Union believe that the use of VA preparations can treat and prevent diseases such as placental arrest, ovarian cysts, ovarian dysfunction and long-term non-estrus, and have good results. NRC (1998) recommends pregnant ewes with 5,000 to 8,000 IU per kilogram of diet.
3.2 Vitamin D
VD, together with parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, constitute the main regulatory system of calcium metabolism in vivo, and it plays a key role in maintaining blood calcium balance. Reducing blood calcium can delay uterine degeneration and increase dystocia, submandibular nodule and uterine prolapse, and can also cause secondary hypocalcemia, leading to postpartum paralysis. High calcium inhibits the absorption of P, Mg, Zn, Cu, and other trace elements, resulting in deficiency affecting reproductive function. Calcium can also affect reproduction through testicular, adrenal and ovarian steroid biosynthesis. NRC stipulates that pregnant ewes need 300 to 900 IU of vitamin D daily.
3.3 Vitamin E
Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, is known to have a significant effect on the reproduction and development of animals. Adding vitamin E to the ram diet can increase the amount of ram ejaculation, semen concentration, sperm motility, and improve the conception rate and lambing rate of the ewes. Vitamin E has a close relationship with reproductive performance of female mammals, can stimulate the functional activities of the anterior pituitary, promote the secretion of gonadotropins, thereby regulating the growth and development of gonads and functional activities, such as the promotion of sperm production and activity, and enhance the ovarian Physiological function increases follicles, increases luteal cells and enhances the effect of progesterone, prevents miscarriage, increases litter size, and reduces pre-weaning mortality. NRC (1985) feeding standard recommended: 50 ~ 60kg ewes need VE every day in the pre-pregnancy, 18 ~ 20IU, late pregnancy 26 ~ 27IU.
4 Effects of trace minerals on the fertility of goats During pregnancy, the requirements for Ca and P are higher than those for maintenance and lactation. The mineral requirement during the growth period is lower than that of calves, and the goat milk contains Ca and P. The content is close to the content of Ca and P in milk. Copper studies have shown that copper deficiency can cause animals to suffer from symptoms such as ataxia, dehairing, cardiovascular disease, and reduced reproductive performance. The lack of molybdenum will affect the biological rate of copper. The lack of molybdenum in goats manifests itself as impeded growth, decreased fertility, and miscarriage. The function of selenium is as a component of glutathione peroxide (GSH-px). Selenium can improve animal reproductive performance. Deficiency of selenium leads to damage of sperm cells and release of GOT, which reduces the viability of sperm, thereby affecting the ability of fertilization and embryonic development. Selenium supplementation can prevent miscarriage of pregnant females and livestock and reduce embryo mortality. The lack of selenium can also cause white muscle disease and nutritional muscular dystrophy. Intramuscular injection of sodium selenite or simultaneous injection of sodium selenite and VE to ewes increased the estrus rate, conception rate, and 28-day-old weight of lambs produced.
5 Conclusion In summary, proper use of nutritional control measures can increase goat growth and reproduction. The reproductive performance of animals is mainly affected by factors such as genetic traits, natural environment, nutrition, and management. In these four aspects, nutrition is the main factor that limits and excavates animal reproduction. Under the condition of relatively uniform environmental conditions and management levels, whether or not the animal nutrition is balanced will directly affect the reproduction potential of the animal.
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