High-yielding Cultivation Technique of Watermelon in Greenhouse
The cultivation of watermelon sheds is a fine intensive cultivation, and it is necessary to adopt comprehensive supporting measures to achieve the goal of precocity, high yield, and high efficiency. 1, soil preparation Fertilizer shed early maturity of watermelon is generally higher density, so requires a fine site preparation. If winter sheds are used, deep plowing should be done 25 centimeters before winter to freeze bags to loosen the soil. Half of the base fertilizer was fully applied and then poured into the soil. After the leveling, the ditch was concentrated and fertilized. During site preparation, the root crop of the former crop should be taken out of the shed. The sheds in the shed can generally be used in small high ridges and high ridges, with a spacing of l-1.2 meters. In the case of dense planting, grafting, double vine pruning, and one plant per plant, it is advisable to use a 1 metre spacing for small high ridges. When ground rakes are cultivated, a south-north pod can be used (parallel to the shed). The amount and type of basic fertilizer: Generally, 4000-5000 kg of high quality manure fertilizer (3000-4000 kg of decomposed chicken manure), 50 kg of superphosphate, 15-20 kg of potassium sulfate, and 100 kg of cooked cake fertilizer. The organic fertilizer in the base fertilizer is applied half in the general tillage, and the other half in the high yield groove. 2. Transplanting and colonizing the greenhouse The watermelon can be planted more than 10 days earlier than double sheds when it is covered with a 3-layer membrane. The planting density in a greenhouse can generally be larger than that of a double shed, and it requires more careful pruning, and the use of a stand for cultivation is more dense than that of a ground rake. It is not appropriate to over-enclose densely in greenhouses, especially in areas with heavy rain and weak light in spring. The method of colonization of watermelon in the greenhouse; first delineate the planting points according to the plant spacing in the surface of the button membrane, and then select the sunny planting, planted in the morning from 9:00 am to late afternoon. The size of the planting hole should be compatible with the size of the soil or nutrient. Then poured proper amount of bottom water into the hole, and then plant the seedlings when the water just penetrated. When the seedlings are planted, they are carefully removed from the plastic culms, and the complete soil worms are planted in the planting holes so that the surfaces of the soil rakes are flush with or slightly exposed. Place the melon seedlings immediately after filling. The soil filled by the soil around the bandits is lightly compacted, and it is also possible to temporarily close the nest on the day of planting, and then fill the small water afterwards to seal off the nest to facilitate the easing of seedlings. After the whole shed has been planted, it can be cleaned and a small arch can be inserted into the ridge surface. Since there is no wind in the greenhouse, the arches can be simpler. Small arches can also be covered with plastic film and do not have to be held down so that they can be uncovered when the weather is warm. In order to make up the seedlings, some back-up seedlings should be planted at the same time in the shed. In order to increase soil temperature on the day of planting, it is best to plant plants before 2-3 pm. 3. Temperature and Humidity Control in the Greenhouse 1. Within 5 to 7 days after the humidity management is planted, it is necessary to pay attention to raising the ground temperature, and to keep the seedlings above the widow’s degree. If the daytime temperature is higher than 35 degrees, you should try to shading temperature. Ventilation can be started after easing the seedlings to adjust the temperature in the shed. Generally, it is no higher than 3T-32 degrees during the day and no lower than 15 degrees at night. During this period, the temperature of the shed can be controlled by opening and closing the sunroof when the melon vine grows to about 3T cm. , can remove a small arch. During the flowering period of greenhouse watermelons, sufficient light and high night temperatures should be maintained, because if the night temperature is low after artificial pollination, fruit drop and fruit hypertrophy will be affected. When the outside temperature exceeds 18 degrees, the ventilation should be increased. The skylights and the sides of the sheds should be ventilated at the same time. The daytime should not exceed 30 degrees to prevent excessive day and night temperature difference and excessive temperature. During this period, the watermelon enters the squashing stage and mature stage, and the moderate temperature difference between the sorghum and the sorghum has caused the quality of the fruit to deteriorate and its quality deteriorates. 2. The relative humidity of the air in the humidity management greenhouse is relatively high. Under the conditions of using plastic film, the air humidity can be significantly reduced. Generally, the humidity of the air in the shed during the early growth period of the watermelon is low, but after the plant is full of leaf (planted by the scaffold) or enclosed (the cultivator), the amount of water is increased due to the large amount of transpiration, so that the air humidity in the shed is increased. Increased. The relative humidity during the day is generally between 60% and 70%, and 80% to 90% at night. In order to reduce the air humidity in the shed and reduce the disease, measures can be taken such as closing the shed at night and during the day, increasing the air circulation, and reducing the evaporation of the soil between the rows. During the late growth period, it is advisable to keep the relative humidity at 60-70%. 4, light and gas composition adjustment 1, increase the amount of lighting watermelon requires strong light intensity. However, due to dewdrops or unclean surfaces on the surface of the greenhouse film, the intensity of light in the sheds often decreases, especially in the case of multi-layer coverage. Therefore, care should be taken to keep the shed film clean, and do not use old films with poor light transmission. In the greenhouse, the light mainly comes from the top (glazing) and the side (sidelight), and the ground film also has a certain reflective effect in the early growth stage. In the case of close planting, the normal photosynthesis of the leaf area more than one meter above the ground has a great influence on the yield of watermelon. Therefore, in the watermelon growing period, the light on the top and both sides of the shed should always be kept unimpeded from entering the interior of the greenhouse, so that more than one metre of leaves in the shed can also receive sufficient light in the late growth stage. All of them must be strictly pruned and timely used. Topping, so that the roof blade from the ceiling film 30-40 cm distance, to prevent inter-row, top and side canopy closure. When tying the vine, care should be taken to ensure that there is a 20-30 cm gap between the layers of the leaves to prevent overlap. 2. In the greenhouse gas conditioning, the carbon dioxide content in the air under the confined conditions is seriously deficient, affecting the normal photosynthesis and accumulation of assimilation products. Carbon dioxide fertilization artificially increases the carbon dioxide concentration in the shed, and the carbon dioxide content in the shed is insufficient. The methods are as follows. First, fresh horse dung is accumulated in the shed, carbon dioxide is released during the fermentation process, and 5 to 6 kilograms are stacked per 1 cubic meter of space. Second, combustion of propane gas can generate carbon dioxide. In a greenhouse of 600 square meters, burning 1.2-1.5 kilograms can make the carbon dioxide concentration in the greenhouse reach 1.3 ml/liter. The amount of propane gas can be determined according to the area of ​​the shed; the third is the application of coke carbon dioxide generators. When the coke is fully burned, carbon dioxide can be released. Fourth, the simplest method is to put concentrated hydrochloric acid in a container that is not corroded, and then release a small amount of calcium (calcium carbonate) to produce carbon dioxide through a chemical reaction. The period of carbon dioxide fertilization is mainly in the fertility of watermelon, especially in the fruit development period; the optimum time is the most vigorous photosynthesis at about 10 o'clock in the morning, and the optimal concentration is 1-1.5 ml/l. Ventilation and ventilation methods must be adopted to keep the gas in the shed fresh and prevent the accumulation of harmful gases. 5, pruning vine vines 1, pruned shed under close planting conditions, to implement more stringent pruning. When the vine extends 30-50 centimeters, the lateral vines have also apparently extended. When the side vines grow to about 20 cm, a strong side vine is selected from the middle and all the rest are removed. Later, the side vines growing on the main and side vines are removed. Leave 10-15 leaves on the top of the melon section to top. The pruning work is mainly carried out before the melons are seated. In the case of the stand cultivation, the work of spreading the vines (snoring) must be carried out until it is full and topping. While removing the vines, remove the tendrils. 2. Stands and vines shall be erected under the conditions of greenhouse cultivation. Bamboo rafts can also be used with slings, but it is better to use coarse bamboo rafts because bamboo rafts are less likely to fall into melons. More than 20 days after planting, the main vine grows about 30 centimeters. After removing the small shed in the greenhouse, insert the rack immediately. Insert two bamboo rakes on each side of the plant, 10 centimeters away from the root of the plant. In order to insert firmly, insert the erection, start the introduction of vines and tie the vine after inserting the stand. When the vine grows 30-40 centimeters, the vines growing on the vines can be drawn to the standing vines. Each vine spreads a vine, and the vines should pay attention to the vines in the vines. The vines in the later period should be careful not to touch the big vines and the vines. And pruning work can be combined. Under the situation of ground climbing, the method of culturing vines in greenhouses is basically the same as that in double-covered cultivation. However, because it is in greenhouses, vines and pruning can be introduced in a timely manner after vines are spread, and measures such as pressure vines can also be omitted. In the case of greenhouse cultivation in the greenhouse, stricter pruning should also be adopted, and the double-vine pruning method should be applied when dense planting. 6, artificial pollination Due to the flowering habit of watermelons in the shed, pollination should be conducted at 8-9 am. Cloudy male flower powder late, can be postponed. To prevent stagnation of male flowers on rainy days, male flowers that can be opened the next day can be taken back in the afternoon and placed in dry and warm indoor conditions, so that they can flower and loosen the powder the next morning, and then pollinate female flowers with this flower. Pollination should be started from the second female flower. In order to stay melon. 7, select the melon hanging melon to improve the single melon weight and make the melon shape is correct, should choose to leave the second female flower to sit on the melon, stay too early if the melon is small and melon shape is not correct, too late is not conducive to the morning city, general pollination After 3-5 days, the melon-fetus is obviously grown up, and it is better to keep the melon on the main vine; the main vine is left on the show and can stay on the side vines. In the case of bracket cultivation, when the melon grows to a size of approximately 0.5 kg, such as a bowl, the melon should be carried out in time to prevent the young melon from increasing and falling. In the case of ground climbing cultivation, the selection of melons, padding melons, and picking melons should be carried out in the same way as in the shed cultivation. 8, top-fat irrigation watershed watermelon water should not be too large. Generally, after easing seedlings, such as irrespective of the ground, it is not possible to water; if it is too dry, it can be irrigated once along the ditch. After that, keep the ground wet and see dry, control irrigation, raise the temperature, and make the melons robust. During the vine extension period, two times of water can be poured before inserting the stent. Moderate amount of water can be. Flowering fruiting period does not water, to prevent leggy and promote sitting melon, young melons grow to the size of the egg, into the expansion period, can be watered once in 3-4 days, and promote the expansion of the young melon. The fertilizer of greenhouse watermelon can be applied to the scaffold. After the small arch shed is removed from the greenhouse, the nitrogen and phosphorus compound fertilizer 20 kg/mu and the potassium sulfate 5-10 kg/mu are opened on both sides of the ridge. Promote root extension, and lay the foundation for flowering and fruit setting. After the young melons are seated, when they grow to the size of the eggs, Mushi (combined with irrigation and irrigation) 20 kg compound fertilizer is used to promote long melons. After the fruit is set, it can be topdressed with 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate for 1-2 times. In the case of harvesting two crops of melon, I can sit in the second crop and melons, and then pick up the first compound fertilizer 15 kg/mu. 9. Pest control and other management The major pests in greenhouse watermelon growth period are aphids. To control aphids, DDV plus dimethoate (1:1) 2000 times can be sprayed on the seedbed before planting. During the prosperous period of the expansion, the vines in the shed are lush, the air circulation is poor, and the occurrence of locusts is heavy. Care must be taken to prevent and control drugs strictly. The main diseases are powdery mildew and should be treated as soon as possible. During the expansion period, it should begin to control anthrax, and in the late stage of growth, attention should be paid to strengthening the ventilation and reducing the air humidity in the shed, which can greatly reduce the disease of watermelon. Greenhouse watermelon is especially cultivated on scaffolds. Because the watermelon fruit is under good protection conditions and is well-lighted, the fruit shape is correct, the skin color is bright, and there is no yin-yang surface, which can produce high-grade watermelon.
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