Effects of Insufficient or Excess Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Nutrition on Maize Growth and Yield

Nitrogen has a great influence on the growth and yield of corn. In the early stages of growth, the plants grew slowly and appeared yellow-green when nitrogen fertilizer was insufficient. In the vigorous growing stage, the nitrogen fertilizer was light green when it was insufficient, and then it turned yellow. At the same time, the lower leaves dried up, gradually reaching the midrib from the tips of the leaves, and finally dried up. However, excess N fertilizer can also affect normal growth. When sowing is used, excessive soluble nitrogen fertilizer is applied. Once a drought is encountered, the seeds will be damaged, affecting germination, and the emergence will be slow and untidy, and the emergence rate will be reduced. In the late stage of nitrogen nutrition, fertility is delayed, vegetative growth is flourishing, and seed yield decreases. At the same time, due to more nitrogen, it promotes the synthesis of protein and consumes a large amount of carbohydrates. Therefore, the tissue is poorly differentiated, the epidermis is not fully developed, and it is easy to fall down.

There are two periods when maize is most likely to lack phosphorus. One is the seedling stage. Before the maize germinates to the three-leaf stage, the phosphorus needed by the seedlings is supplied by the seed. After the phosphorus in the seed is consumed, it begins to absorb the phosphorus in the soil or fertilizer. However, due to the short root system of the seedlings, the absorption capacity is weak. In this period, the leaves of the lower part of the phosphorus appear dark green, and then the purple color begins to appear from the edges. When phosphorus is extremely deficient, the edge of the leaf turns brown from the tips of the leaves and then grows more slowly. The second is the flowering period. During the flowering period, the phosphorus in the plant begins to transfer from the leaves and stems to the grains. If the phosphorus deficiency occurs, the pistil filaments are delayed and the fertilization is not complete. However, phosphorus fertilizer should not be too much, too much phosphorus to accelerate the growth of corn, ear formation process soon ended, the number of grains per panicle, the yield is not high.

In the seedling stage of maize, the potassium deficiency grows slowly, the stems are short and the young leaves are yellow or brown. When potassium is severely depleted, the leaf margin or the tip becomes a fire. When the older plants lack potassium, veins turn yellow, internode shortening, root development is weak, and lodging is easy. When the plant lacks potassium, the top of the ear is lack of grains, the grains are small, and the yield is low, while too much potassium has no obvious effect on the growth and yield of the corn.

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